Global Life Cycle Impact Assessments of Material Shifts The Example
Planet Earth is under stress from various environmental factors, increasing the importance of being able to estimate the environmental costs associated with dynamic material shifts. Such shifts are occurring in the electronics industry and the most famous
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A.S.G. Andrae
Global Life Cycle Impact Assessments of Material Shifts The Example of a Lead-free Electronics Industry
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Dr. A.S.G. Andrae Huawei Technologies Sweden AB Box 54 16494 Kista Sweden [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-84882-660-1 e-ISBN 978-1-84882-661-8 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84882-661-8 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2009935768 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 MATLAB® and Simulink® are registered trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA 01760-2098, U.S.A. http://www.mathworks.com Microsoft, Encarta, MSN, Excel and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Cover design: eStudioCalamar, Figueres/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
We live in a complex world in which the competition between people and nations are increasing. Moreover is mankind as an “inhabitant” not always treating its “house” the Earth with due respect and care. For instance the current enhanced greenhouse effect has the potential to drastically change living conditions. Alarmingly, the effect could be underestimated due to a reflecting mechanism of particle pollution. Moreover, around half of the “original” forests have been removed to give space for arable land, inducing a positive feedback for increased global heating. Another serious concern is that the numbers of animal species are decreasing partly due to Mankind’s destructive ways of life. Many species provide “ecosystem services” which could be enormously valuable [1]. Bee-aided pollination is a striking example of such services. Undisputed research has demonstrated that the Earth system is more than the sum of its p
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