Globalisation, economic geography and the strategy of multinational enterprises
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Globalisation, economic geography and the strategy of multinational enterprises Peter J Buckley1 and Pervez N Ghauri2 1
Centre for International Business, University of Leeds, Maurice Keyworth Building, Leeds, UK; 2 Manchester School of Management, UMIST, Manchester, UK Correspondence: Peter J Buckley, Centre for International Business, University of Leeds, Maurice Keyworth Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Tel: þ 44 113 343 4646; Fax: þ 44 133 343 4754; E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract The intention of this paper is to review the literature linking ownership and location strategies to economic geography and theories of globalisation and to explore new areas of research. This paper examines globalisation in terms of conflicts between markets and economic management, and suggests that the differential pace of globalisation across markets presents a number of challenges to policy makers in local, national and regional governments, and in international institutions. In examining the changing location and ownership strategies of MNEs, it shows that the increasingly sophisticated decision making of managers in MNEs is slicing the activities of firms more finely and in finding optimum locations for each closely defined activity, they are deepening the international division of labour. Ownership strategies, too, are becoming increasingly complex, leading to a control matrix that runs from wholly owned units via FDI through market relationships such as subcontracting, including joint ventures as options on subsequent decisions in a dynamic pattern. The input of lessons from economic geography is thus becoming more important in understanding the key developments in international business. The consequences of the globalisation of production and consumption represent political challenges, and reaction against these changes has led to a questioning of the effects of global capitalism as well as to its moral basis. These four issues are closely intertwined and present a formidable research agenda to which the international business research community is uniquely fitted to respond. Journal of International Business Studies (2004) 35, 81–98. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400076 Keywords: globalisation; economic geography; strategy; multinational enterprises; location strategy
Received: 21 July 2003 Revised: 1 December 2003 Accepted: 1 December 2003 Online publication date: 4 March 2004
Introduction The analysis in Buckley (2002) suggested that international business research succeeded when it focused on, in sequence, a number of big questions which arise from empirical developments in the world economy. The agenda is stalled because no such big question has currently been identified. This calls into question the separate existence of the subject area. This paper suggests that the analysis of globalisation, with a focus on economic geography, arising from the changing strategy and the external impact of multinational enterprises (MNEs) on
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