Goal-Free Effect
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ife Dates Robert Mills Gagne´ was born on August 21, 1916, in North Andover, Massachusetts. After spending his childhood and teenage years there, he went on to Yale University, where in 1937 he graduated Phi Beta Kappa, majoring in psychology. He then studied at Brown University, where he also majored in Psychology, and earned a Master of Science degree in 1939 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1940. Gagne´ began his career as a psychology instructor at Connecticut College for Women in 1940. Shortly afterward, Gagne´ was called up for military duty in the United States Army. Not long thereafter, in December 1941, the United States entered World War II, at which time the need to develop effective means for the testing and training of military personnel became quite urgent. In support of this need, Gagne´ worked on the development of aptitude tests of psychomotor skills that were used for the selection of air crew personnel such as pilots and navigators. Later during the war, he became involved in developing film tests of perceptual abilities and examining methods for promoting the transfer of training. In 1945, after the end of World War II, Gagne´ took a temporary academic appointment at Penn State University and then, in 1946, he returned to his academic position at Connecticut College for Woman. Gagne´ spent 3 years at that post, during which time his research, which was sponsored by the United States Navy, centered on the learning and transfer of multidiscrimination motor tasks.
In 1949, Gagne´ left Connecticut College and joined the Human Resources Research Center of the United States Air Force, serving as the director of the Perceptual and Motor Skills Laboratory. While still working for the Air Force, Gagne´ went on to serve as the director of a unit that conducted research on the training of electronic maintenance personnel and that developed a methodology for predicting the personnel requirements that would be needed for new weapon systems. In 1958, Gagne´ left the Air Force and became a professor of psychology at Princeton University, a post he held until 1962. In that year, Gagne´ left Princeton to become the director of research at the American Institutes for Research (AIR). During his 4-year stint at AIR, Gagne´ directed the work of several research teams working in such areas as training improvement, human performance assessment, and educational program evaluation. In 1966, Gagne´ left AIR to take a position as a professor of educational psychology at the University of California at Berkeley. Gagne´ left Berkeley in 1969 in order to take a faculty position in the College of Education at Florida State University (FSU), where he served as a professor in the Instructional Systems program until his retirement in 1991. Subsequent to his retirement from Florida State in 1991, Gagne´ spent a year and a half as a National Research Council Senior Fellow at the Armstrong Laboratory, a research and development arm of the United States Air Force. In light of his many achievements throughout his professional care
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