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Paul Crittenden

Life Hereafter

Paul Crittenden

Life Hereafter The Rise and Decline of a Tradition

Paul Crittenden School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry University of Sydney Camperdown, NSW, Australia

ISBN 978-3-030-54278-8    ISBN 978-3-030-54279-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54279-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: incamerastock / Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

The Christian … often refrains from thinking about his destiny after death, because he is beginning to encounter questions in his mind to which he is afraid of having to reply, questions such as: “Is there really anything after death? Does anything remain of us after we die? Is it nothingness that is before us?” From Letter on Certain Questions concerning Eschatology, Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 17 May 1979 (Rome)

Contents

1 Introduction  1 References   7 2 God, Creation, and the Biblical Moral Order  9 Creation and Covenants   9 From the Patriarchs of Israel to the Fathers of the Church  17 References  25 3 From Sheol to the Resurrection of the Dead 27 The Afterlife: From Genesis to the New Testament  27 The Invention of Satan and His Kingdom of Darkness  40 References  54 4 Greek Themes: From Homer to Plato and Aristotle 57 Poets and Presocratics  57 Plato and Aristotle: A Dispute About Body and Soul  67 References  84 5 Salvation or Damnation: From Paul to Augustine 85 Origen: Universal Salvation  88 Augustine: Freedom, Original Sin, Predestination, and Pelagianism  92 References