GPU Supported Simulation of Transition-Edge Sensor Arrays
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GPU Supported Simulation of Transition‑Edge Sensor Arrays M. Lorenz1 · C. Kirsch1 · P. E. Merino‑Alonso2,3 · P. Peille4 · T. Dauser1 · E. Cucchetti5 · S. J. Smith6 · J. Wilms1 Received: 5 August 2019 / Accepted: 20 March 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract We present numerical simulations of full transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays utilizing graphical processing units (GPUs). With the support of GPUs, it is possible to perform simulations of large pixel arrays to assist detector development. Comparisons with TES small-signal and noise theory confirm the representativity of the simulated data. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of this approach, we present its implementation in xifusim, a simulator for the X-ray Integral Field Unit, a cryogenic X-ray spectrometer on board the future Athena X-ray observatory. Keywords Transition-edge sensors · X-IFU · Detector modeling
1 Introduction Superconducting transition-edge sensors (TES) are cryogenic energy sensors with applications as single-photon detectors from the near infrared through gamma rays [1, 2]. We present simulation software for detectors based on arrays of TESs where we implement a generic mathematical model of the TES electrothermal system. The software is also part of xifusim, a simulator we are developing for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) instrument [3] on board the future Athena X-ray observatory [4] to be launched in the early 2030s. The X-IFU is a cryogenic X-ray spectrometer * M. Lorenz [email protected] 1
Remeis Observatory & ECAP, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Sternwartstr. 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
2
Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
3
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
4
CNES, 18 Avenue Édouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
5
CNRS, UPS, CNES, IRAP, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
6
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
yes
1. Photon Impacts
2. TransitionEdge Sensor Array
3a.1. SQUID
3a.2. DRE
Baseband Feedback?
no
4. ADC
5. Trigger
6. Write Data to FITS file
3b. Simple SQUID
Fig. 1 The data flow in xifusim. A list of photon impacts is propagated to the TES array where the responses of the individual pixels are calculated. Their signal is amplified in a set of SQUIDs, either using a simple, fast SQUID model or a model implementing the nonlinear SQUID response and baseband feedback [5] ensured by the digital readout electronics (DRE). An analog–digital converter (ADC) maps the measured current into a digital signal which is passed to a trigger that detects the individual pulses in the datastream and writes them to the output file (Color figure online)
that operates a large array of TESs. The current baseline configuration consists of a hexagonal array of more than 3000 TES pixels that will provide spatially resolved high-resolution spectroscopy from 0.2 to 12 keV with an energy resolution of 2.5 eV FWHM up to 7 keV. Numerica
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