Grain Boundary Segregation in Metals

Grain boundaries are important structural components of polycrystalline materials used in the vast majority of technical applications. Because grain boundaries form a continuous network throughout such materials, their properties may limit their practical

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materials science

136

Springer Series in

materials science Editors: R. Hull C. Jagadish R.M. Osgood, Jr. J. Parisi Z. Wang H. Warlimont The Springer Series in Materials Science covers the complete spectrum of materials physics, including fundamental principles, physical properties, materials theory and design. Recognizing the increasing importance of materials science in future device technologies, the book titles in this series ref lect the state-of-the-art in understanding and controlling the structure and properties of all important classes of materials.

Please view available titles in Springer Series in Materials Science on series homepage http://www.springer.com/series/856

Pavel Lejcek ˇ

Grain Boundary Segregation in Metals With 80 Figures

123

Professor Pavel Lejcek ˇ Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Physics Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic E-mail: [email protected]

Series Editors:

Professor Robert Hull

Professor J¨urgen Parisi

University of Virginia Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Thornton Hall Charlottesville, VA 22903-2442, USA

Universit¨at Oldenburg, Fachbereich Physik Abt. Energie- und Halbleiterforschung Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg, Germany

Professor Chennupati Jagadish

Dr. Zhiming Wang

Australian National University Research School of Physics and Engineering J4-22, Carver Building Canberra ACT 0200, Australia

University of Arkansas Department of Physics 835 W. Dicknson St. Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA

Professor R. M. Osgood, Jr.

Professor Hans Warlimont

Microelectronics Science Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University Seeley W. Mudd Building New York, NY 10027, USA

DSL Dresden Material-Innovation GmbH Pirnaer Landstr. 176 01257 Dresden, Germany

Springer Series in Materials Science ISSN 0933-033X ISBN 978-3-642-12504-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-12505-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-12505-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930167 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specif ically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microf ilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specif ic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar Steinen Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To Nad’a, Eva