Green synthesis and characterization of novel 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with eco-friendly red brick
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Green synthesis and characterization of novel 1,2,4,5‑tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with eco‑friendly red brick clay as efficacious catalyst Nagaraju Kerru1 · Lalitha Gummidi1 · Sandeep V. H. S. Bhaskaruni1 · Surya Narayana Maddila1 · Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda1 Received: 12 August 2019 / Accepted: 30 September 2019 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Abstract Use of cheaper and recyclable materials contributes positively to economic growth with environmental sustainability. We report the prospect of utilizing red brick clay as catalyst, which exhibited excellent activity in rapid one-pot four-component condensation of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles with high conversion and yields (91–96%) in aqueous medium at 60 °C in short reaction times (25–40 min). The red brick clay material was fully characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX and BET analyses. Red brick clay consisted of oxides of Si (20.38%), Fe (19.55%), Al (14.30%) and minor amounts of Ca (3.60%) and Mg (1.68%). The slate-like-shaped structure morphology and flaky appearance of inexpensive solid clay material proved competent material for the synthesis of 15 novel 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives. In addition, the advantages of the eco-friendly method are non-toxicity and re-usability of the catalyst. Reaction offers 78% atom economy and 84% carbon capture. Keywords Red brick clay · Multicomponent · Imidazoles · Aqueous medium · 1,2,4-Triazole
Introduction With an increase in awareness about environmental impact of toxic chemicals, focus is more on adopting green and sustainable approaches. Green chemistry is avoidance or elimination of the hazardous materials, in designing the chemical procedures and products. In recent years, the ever-growing interest in ecological and environmental safety has attracted the use of green and sustainable processes, not only to achieve higher product yields, but also to reduce the hazardous solvents, catalysts and undesirable waste [1]. Catalysis is a strategic field of chemical science, as it offers an alternative pathway to meet the challenges related to sustainability Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-019-10000-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda [email protected] 1
School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZuluNatal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa
and improving the atom economy [2]. In addition to the catalytic activity, the cost-effectiveness and recyclability of the material are the other important parameters for their utilization [3]. Clay-based materials are abundant in nature, and they exhibit interesting catalytic properties. Chemical laboratories and industrial production practices can explore their catalytic prospects for valued transformations [4]. The clay-based catalysts have been used in the petroleum refining processes and, for example, in conversion of bioethanol to hyd
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