Grindability of Ti alloys
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I. INTRODUCTION
TI-BASED alloys are candidate materials for dental applications because of their good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.[1,2,3] In recent years, a number of Ti alloys have been studied for potential applications as dental materials. In a series of publications, Okabe et al. evaluated the mechanical properties,[2,4–8] castability,[1] grindability,[2,3,8–12] and wear resistance,[2,13,14,15] as well as dental properties,[1] for different types of Ti alloys, including those containing , , and microstructures. The effects of alloy additions such as Cu, Au, and Ag on microstructure/mechanical properties relationships, grindability, and wear resistance of Ti alloys have been investigated. The present status of dental titanium casting has been reviewed by Okabe et al.,[1] while recent work on grindability and wear resistance of titanium alloys for dental applications are described in two subsequent publications.[2,3] These extensive studies[1–15] have shown that microstructure exerts substantial effects on the mechanical properties, grindability, and wear resistance in Ti alloys. Grindability can be considered as a measure of the ease by which a material can be ground with minimum effort and without incurring excessive surface damage or poor surface quality. Quantitatively, grindability may be taken as the material removal rate and defined as the rate of volume of material removed, typically expressed in mm3/min, by a rotating wheel operated under a specified set of grinding conditions.[2,3] In this paper, grindability defined on the basis of material removal rate is preferred; most, if not all, of the existing grindability data of dental Ti alloys have been reported in this manner. Furthermore, the material removal rate is more amenable to analytic modeling and quantitative assessment. KWAI S. CHAN, Institute Scientist, is with Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238. Contact e-mail: [email protected] MARIE KOIKE, Assistant Professor, and TORU OKABE, Regents Professor and Chairman, are with Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246. Manuscript submitted August 29, 2005. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
For dental applications, Ti alloys must possess a sufficient grindability to be ground within a short period by a dental grinding device typical for dental laboratory use. Hence, substantial recent efforts have been directed toward establishing the test procedure for defining, measuring, characterizing, and improving the grindability of Ti alloys.[2,3,8–12] In particular, grindability has been measured using a tester equipped with an electrical dental handpiece that has a revolution speed up to 3 104 revolutions per minute and a load capacity of about 1 Newton, and uses an SiC grinding wheel of about 13 to 15.8 mm in diameter.[8–12] Typically, grinding of dental Ti alloys is performed under continuous water sprays. The grindability of titanium is generally considered to be poor because the rate of volume removal is
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