Group Decision Making with Affective Features
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Group Decision Making with Affective Features Si Liu1,2 · David Ríos Insua1,2
© Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Affective elements have been shown to have impact on how individuals and groups make decisions. In this paper, we consider how emotions and mood impact the degree of competitiveness and cooperativeness in groups. We provide a parametric model to regulate its evolution and introduce a negotiation scheme to facilitate group formation, depending on such affective elements. We simulate a virtual platform for the proposed model and conduct experiments showing that our proposal is effective: agents which cooperate affectively with others through negotiation tend to attain higher utilities and outperform non-cooperative and/or emotionless agents. Keywords Group decision making · Affective decision making · Affective computing · Social robotics
1 Introduction Machines that perform intelligent tasks interacting with humans and other machines in a seamless manner are becoming a reality. Within such groups, each individual will typically have different cooperative or competitive attitudes towards the rest of the agents. Moreover, in contexts in which interactions within the group repeat over time, it may be the case that agents evolve from a cooperative to a competitive attitude and, vice versa, depending on environmental factors and other circumstances. Recent research reveals that emotions and other affective traits constitute powerful, pervasive, predictable, sometimes harmful, others beneficial, decision making drivers. Across different domains, important regularities seem to emerge in the mechanisms through which emotions impact judgement and choice (Morris and Keltner 2000; Lerner et al. 2015; Santos et al. 2011; Tiinanen et al. 2016). Emotions * Si Liu [email protected] David Ríos Insua [email protected] 1
Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
2
Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas (ICMAT-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
S. Liu, D. Ríos Insua
may have anticipatory and incidental influence over the agents’ value systems which, in turn, influence their decisions. In particular, in group settings, emotions have an intense social presence in human life and play an important role in negotiations (Morris and Keltner 2000; Martinovski 2009; Griessmair et al. 2015). Other studies identify emotional dynamics that characterize successful negotiations (Griessmair 2017). To wit, happiness and related positive emotions seem to trigger a trend towards moving forward: positive emotions promote cooperation, whereas expressions of negative emotion, such as anger, typically pull the group towards a more competitive attitude (Van Kleef et al. 2010; Druckman and Olekalns 2008). We provide a parametric model for a group of agents which may switch from a competitive to a cooperative attitude, with transitions impacted by the affective characteristics of the individual agents. By adding affective features to group decision making, we aim at making interactions
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