Handbook of Materials Characterization
This book focuses on the widely used experimental techniques available for the structural, morphological, and spectroscopic characterization of materials. Recent developments in a wide range of experimental techniques and their application to the quantifi
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Handbook of Materials Characterization
Handbook of Materials Characterization
Surender Kumar Sharma Editor
Dalip Singh Verma • Latif Ullah Khan Shalendra Kumar • Sher Bahadar Khan Associate Editors
Handbook of Materials Characterization
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Editor Surender Kumar Sharma Department of Physics Federal University of Maranhão São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil Associate Editors Dalip Singh Verma Department of Physics & Astronomical Science Central University of Himachal Pradesh Dharamshala, Kangra Himachal Pradesh, India
Latif Ullah Khan Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano) Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Shalendra Kumar Department of Applied Physics Amity School of Applied Sciences Amity University Haryana Gurgaon, India
Sher Bahadar Khan Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
ISBN 978-3-319-92954-5 ISBN 978-3-319-92955-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92955-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018951223 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
One of the significant aspects of materials-based research is the characterization tools. Today, there is an immense range of scientific techniques available that enables us to study physiochemical properties of the materials. This book focuses on the utmost effective and widely used techniques available for structural, morphological, and spectroscopic characterizations of materials. Three important aspects of
