Handbook of Philosophical Logic
theywereextensivelydiscussedbyallauthorsina3-dayHandbookmeeting. These are: • a chapter on non-monotonic logic • a chapter on combinatory logic and ?-calculus We felt at the time (1979) that non-monotonic logic was not ready for a chapter yet and that com
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HANDBOOK OF PHILOSOPHICAL LOGIC 2nd Edition Volume 14 edited by D.M. Gabbay and F. Guenthner
Volume 1 – ISBN 0-7923-7018-X Volume 2 – ISBN 0-7923-7126-7 Volume 3 – ISBN 0-7923-7160-7 Volume 4 – ISBN 1-4020-0139-8 Volume 5 – ISBN 1-4020-0235-1 Volume 6 – ISBN 1-4020-0583-0 Volume 7 – ISBN 1-4020-0599-7 Volume 8 – ISBN 1-4020-0665-9 Volume 9 – ISBN 1-4020-0699-3 Volume 10 – ISBN 1-4020-1644-1 Volume 11 – ISBN 1-4020-1966-1 Volume 12 – ISBN 1-4020-3091-6 Volume 13 – ISBN 978-1-4020-3520-3
HANDBOOK OF PHILOSOPHICAL LOGIC 2nd EDITION VOLUME 14 Edited by D.M. GABBAY King’s College, London, U.K. and
F. GUENTHNER Centrum für Informations- und Sprachverarbeitung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-6323-7 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-6324-4 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
CONTENTS
vii
Preface to the Second Edition Dov M. Gabbay Logics of Formal Inconsistency Walter Carnielli, Marcelo Esteban Coniglio and Jo˜ ao Marcos Causality Jon Williamson
1
95
On Conditionals Dorothy Edgington
127
Quantifiers in Formal and Natural Languages Dag Westerst˚ ahl
223
Index
339
v
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION It is with great pleasure that we are presenting to the community the second edition of this extraordinary handbook. It has been over 15 years since the publication of the first edition and there have been great changes in the landscape of philosophical logic since then. The first edition has proved invaluable to generations of students and researchers in formal philosophy and language, as well as to consumers of logic in many applied areas. The main logic article in the Encyclopaedia Britannica 1999 has described the first edition as ‘the best starting point for exploring any of the topics in logic’. We are confident that the second edition will prove to be just as good! The first edition was the second handbook published for the logic community. It followed the North Holland one volume Handbook of Mathematical Logic, published in 1977, edited by the late Jon Barwise. The four volume Handbook of Philosophical Logic, published 1983–1989 came at a fortunate temporal junction at the evolution of logic. This was the time when logic was gaining ground in computer science and artificial intelligence circles. These areas were under increasing commercial pressure to provide devices which help and/or replace the human in his daily activity. This pressure required the use of logic in the modelling
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