Hard Cladding by Supersolidus Liquid Phase Sintering: An Experimental and Simulation Study on Martensitic Stainless Stee
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, M. BLU¨M, and S. WEBER
Martensitic stainless steels are suitable for diverse structural applications but degrade when subjected to wear-prone activities in service. To enhance their service life, the densification of high Cr, martensitic, X190CrVMo20-4-1 tool steel powder on two different martensitic stainless steel substrates via supersolidus liquid-phase sinter (SLPS) cladding was investigated. The objective was to assess the influence of the difference in compositions of the martensitic stainless steels employed as substrates on the interfacial diffusion, microstructure, hardness and bonding strength of the steel-to-steel claddings. Computational thermodynamics and diffusion simulations were employed to supplement experimental findings. Owing to interdiffusion, a M7C3 carbide-free, banded region exists in the X190 adjacent to the interface with the width dictated by chemical potential gradient of carbon. The hardness of the substrate was lower near the interface region because of carbon enrichment, which promoted the presence of retained austenite. An interfacial strength of 798 MPa was achieved with fairly ductile X190 matrix near the cladding interface as the fracture surface was characterized by mixed fracture modes of dimple rupture and cleavage with localized quasi-cleavage features. Experimental observations and computational simulations are in agreement. The implications of the SLPS cladding technique are discussed in the context of tool development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05953-4 The Author(s) 2020
I.
INTRODUCTION
THE combination of high strength and resistance to corrosion made martensitic stainless steels one of the choice materials for the development of structural components and parts of machinery for the food, chemical, mineral processing, oil and gas industries.[1–4] However, the degradation of these materials when subjected to wear- and corrosion-prone activities in service is inevitable. This necessitates the development of repair/remanufacturing processing routes. Different remanufacturing approaches have been investigated to repair worn parts and tools for reuse. These include sinter cladding, directed energy deposition processes,
P.K. FARAYIBI is with the Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria and also with the Lehrstuhl fu¨r Neue Fertigungstechnologien und Werkstoffe, Bergische Universita¨t Wuppertal, Bahnhofstr. 15, 42651, Solingen, Germany. Contact e-mail: [email protected] M. BLU¨ M is with the Lehrstuhl fu¨ r Neue Fertigungstechnologien und Werkstoffe, Bergische Universita¨ t Wuppertal. S. WEBER is with the Lehrstuhl Werkstofftechnik, Fakulta¨ t fu¨ r Maschinenbau, RuhrUniversita¨ t Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany. Manuscript submitted March 12, 2020.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
diffusion bonding and welding among others.[5–10] These approaches involve the overlay of material on the functional surface of the parent components or parts. The overlaid material can be of either similar or superior
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