Heat stress and cowpea: genetics, breeding and modern tools for improving genetic gains
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Heat stress and cowpea: genetics, breeding and modern tools for improving genetic gains Uday Chand Jha1 • Harsh Nayyar2 • Rintu Jha3 • Pronob J. Paul4 Kadambot H. M. Siddique5
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Received: 7 August 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 Ó Indian Society for Plant Physiology 2020
Abstract High-temperature stress is an important abiotic stress that significantly affects the growth and yield of agriculture crops, including cowpea, and is thus a great concern for global food security. Harnessing variability in crop germplasm through various breeding techniques could be a viable option for improving tolerance to various abiotic stresses, including heat stress. Classical breeding approaches have been used to determine the genetics of heat tolerance in cowpea. However, progress has been hampered as heat tolerance is governed by multiple genes and is highly influenced by G 9 E effects. During the last decade, the increase in cowpea genomic resources has played a key role in elucidating the QTLs controlling heat stress tolerance. Advances in transcriptome resources have also uncovered plausible candidate gene(s) in response to heat tolerance. Likewise, proteomic and metabolomic approaches have offered novel insights into the response of various heat shock and other related proteins and metabolites involved in heat stress tolerance. Most importantly, increasing the precision of phenotyping approaches would & Uday Chand Jha [email protected] & Harsh Nayyar [email protected] 1
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 024, India
2
Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
3
Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (CAAS), Beijing, China
4
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) South-Asia Hub, Hyderabad, India
5
The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
enable us to close the genotype–phenotype gap to better understand the heat tolerance response in cowpea. Nextgeneration breeding techniques, such as MAGIC, genomic selection, speed breeding, and genome editing tools, have the potential to accelerate the creation of heat-tolerant cowpea genotypes. Keywords Heat stress Cowpea Genomics Gene pool
Introduction Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]—a vital proteinrich nutritious crop—is an important grain legume that is grown widely across Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, which provides valuable farmer income, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries (Ehlers and Hall 1997; Langyintuo et al. 2003; Timko and Singh 2008; Mun˜oz-Amatriaı´n et al. 2017). Cowpea is a multifunctional legume providing food (grain), vegetables (green pods and tender levaes), fodder and is also used as green manure and cover crop globally (Alemu et al. 2016; Gonc¸alves et al. 2016). Globally, 5.8 million tons of cowpea is harvested from 11 million hectares each year (Xiong et al. 2016). Nigeria produces the most cowpea, contributing 2.24 million tons to t
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