Hepcidin and GDF-15 are potential biomarkers of iron deficiency anaemia in chronic kidney disease patients in South Afri
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Hepcidin and GDF-15 are potential biomarkers of iron deficiency anaemia in chronic kidney disease patients in South Africa Aishatu M. Nalado1,2* , Gbenga Olorunfemi3, Therese Dix-Peek1, Caroline Dickens1, Lungile Khambule4, Tracy Snyman4, Graham Paget1, Johnny Mahlangu5, Raquel Duarte1, Jaya George4 and Saraladevi Naicker1
Abstract Background: Anaemia is a common presenting feature among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is associated with poor clinical outcomes and quality of life. It is not clear if growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) or hepcidin are useful as early markers of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) among non-dialysis CKD patients. We therefore evaluated the diagnostic validity of GDF-15 and hepcidin as biomarkers of IDA among non-dialysis CKD patients in Johannesburg, South Africa. Method: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted among non-dialysis CKD patients (n = 312) and apparently healthy controls (n = 184) from June to December 2016 at an Academic Hospital, in Johannesburg, South Africa. An interviewer administered proforma was used to obtain the socio-biological and clinical characteristics of the participants. Serum levels of GDF-15 and hepcidin were determined. Predictive logistic regression models were built and post estimation receiver operator characteristics were determined to evaluate diagnostic validity of hepcidin and GDF-15 for absolute and functional iron deficiency anaemia. (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa 2 Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Nalado et al. BMC Nephrology
(2020) 21:415
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