Herbicides based on 2,4-D: its behavior in agricultural environments and microbial biodegradation aspects. A review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Herbicides based on 2,4-D: its behavior in agricultural environments and microbial biodegradation aspects. A review Karen Magnoli 1 & Cecilia Soledad Carranza 1 & Melisa Eglé Aluffi 1 & Carina Elizabeth Magnoli 1 & Carla Lorena Barberis 1 Received: 9 March 2020 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract One of the main herbicides used in the agricultural environments is 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). It is a synthetic plant hormone auxin employed in many crops including rice, wheat, sorghum, sugar cane, and corn to control wide leaf weeds. The indiscriminate use of pesticides can produce numerous damages to the environment. Therefore, this review has the objective to provide an overview on the main characteristics of the herbicides based on 2,4-D, mostly on the role of microorganisms in its degradation and its main degradation metabolite, 2,4- dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). The remediation processes carried out by microorganisms are advantageous to avoid the pollution of the environment as well as to safeguard the population health. Keywords 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid . Biodegradation . Filamentous fungi . Bacteria . Environment contamination
Introduction General aspects of herbicides Herbicides have been an economical, effective, promised, and rapid solution in weed management in agricultural activity (Santín-Montanyá et al. 2013). These compounds represent about at 47.5% of the total pesticides that are used on the worldwide. About 2 million tons of total pesticides were used on 2014 and it has been estimated an increase on 3.5 million tons in 2020 being the main consummators China, the USA, Argentina, Thailand, Brazil, Italy, France, Canada, Japan, and India (Zhang 2018; Sharma et al. 2019). These products can be used at post-emergence (leave) or pre-emergence stage of crops (on soil) (Wágner and Nádasy 2006). On postemergence application, it is important to choose appropriate herbicides for an efficient weed control. For this reason, it is necessary to know about several factors such as the size of the
Responsible editor: Robert Duran * Carla Lorena Barberis [email protected] 1
Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO-CONICET). Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N° 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
weed plant, population density, growth rate, environmental conditions, and weed sensitivity to the herbicides (SantínMontanyá et al. 2013). Percentages less than 10% of the applied doses of these pesticides attack the target organisms (Mahmood et al. 2016; Javaid et al. 2016). On the environment, they move on by different mechanisms such as rainwater, volatilization, crop removal, leaching, plant uptake, chemical degradation, adsorption, runoff and microbial degradation, and photodecomposition process (Qurratu and Reehan 2016). Persistent and recalcitrant herbicides could be
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