High Strain-Rate Behavior and Transformation-Induced Plasticity of a High-Strength FeCrMoVWC Alloy Manufactured by Rapid
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BASED on the varying material behavior under different loading conditions, i.e., the material behavior changes with varying strain rate, a design of components under realistic conditions is necessary. Knowledge about the behavior of strength, deformation, and toughness at elevated strain rates is essential for the understanding and calculation of applications such as forming processes (milling, rolling, and forging), car accidents, or projectile impacts.[1,2] Despite the outstanding properties of tool steels for the manufacturing of tools, literature data regarding strain rate dependent material behavior are relatively rare. Murr et al.[3] performed experiments with hot-working tool steel X41CrMoV5-1 at strain rates of 2 9 102 seconds1 at MARKUS RU¨SSEL, Doctoral Candidate, is with the Faculty of Material Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany. Contact e-mail: [email protected] STEFAN MARTIN, Doctoral Candidate, is with the Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany. LUTZ KRU¨GER, Professor, is with the Department of Materials Testing and Component Strength, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany. WOLFGANG KREUZER, Head of Department, is with the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials, Fuels and Lubricants (WIWeB), 85435 Erding, Germany. Manuscript submitted October 10, 2011. Article published online May 17, 2012 3642—VOLUME 43A, OCTOBER 2012
room temperature. They measured true compression stresses of 3400 MPa at a fracture strain of 11 pct of the unannealed state. Annealing for 2 9 1 hour at temperatures of 723 K (450 C) and 773 K (500 C) led to an increase of strains up to 22 pct at the same stress level. Boyce and Dilmore[1] examined ultrahigh-strength steels over a wide range of strain rate under tensile loading. They found only moderate strain rate sensitivity with an increase in yield strength of 10 pct over a six-decade change in strain rate (2 9 104 to 2 9 102 seconds1). Imbert and McQueen[4] reported about the dynamic behavior of the cold-work tool steel A2 and the high-speed steel M2 as a function of temperature (1173 K to 1423 K [900 C to 1150 C]) under torsional loading in the strain rate range of 101 seconds1 to 4 seconds1. Jimenez et al.[5] studied the mechanical properties of two ultrahigh carbon-boron tool steels obtained by rapid solidification technique and powder metallurgy by the use of strain rate variation tests. At any given value of the flow stress, compensated with the elastic modulus E, r/E, they observed an increase of the strain rate with increasing temperatures. Ku¨hn et al.[6,7] developed a tool steel that revealed superior mechanical properties. In its chemical composition, this steel is similar to the tool steel M10. However, the main difference is the nature of manufacturing. Only the elements of high purity were m
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