High-temperature acclimation strategies within the thermally tolerant endosymbiont Symbiodinium trenchii and its coral h
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ORIGINAL PAPER
High‑temperature acclimation strategies within the thermally tolerant endosymbiont Symbiodinium trenchii and its coral host, Turbinaria reniformis, differ with changing pCO2 and nutrients Kenneth D. Hoadley1 · D. Tye Pettay1 · Andréa G. Grottoli2 · Wei‑Jun Cai1,3 · Todd F. Melman4 · Stephen Levas2,8 · Verena Schoepf2,7 · Qian Ding3,9 · Xiangchen Yuan5 · Yongchen Wang3 · Yohei Matsui2 · Justin H. Baumann2,6 · Mark E. Warner1 Received: 25 January 2016 / Accepted: 3 May 2016 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Abstract The dinoflagellate Symbiodinium trenchii associates with a wide array of host corals throughout the world, and its thermal tolerance has made it of particular interest within the context of reef coral resilience to a warming climate. However, future reefs are increasingly likely to face combined environmental stressors, further complicating our understanding of how S. trenchii will possibly acclimatize to future climate scenarios. Over a 33-day period, we characterized the individual and combined affects of high temperature (26.5 vs. 31.5 °C), pCO2 (400 vs. 760 µatm), and elevated nutrients (0.4 and 0.2 vs. 3.5 and 0.3 µmol of NO3/NO2 and PO3− 4 , respectively) on S. trenchii within the host coral species Turbinaria reniformis. Global analysis Responsible Editor: R. Hill Reviewed by Undisclosed experts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00227-016-2909-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Kenneth D. Hoadley [email protected] 1
Present Address: School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA
2
School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
3
Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
4
Reef Systems Coral Farm, New Albany, OH, USA
5
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‑resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
across all treatments found temperature to be the largest driver of physiological change. However, exposure to elevated temperature led to changes in symbiont physiology that differed across pCO2 concentrations. Net photosynthesis and cellular chlorophyll a increased with temperature under ambient pCO2, whereas temperature-related differences in cellular volume and its affect on pigment packaging were more pronounced under elevated pCO2. Furthermore, increased nutrients mitigated the physiological response to high temperature under both ambient and elevated pCO2 conditions and represented a significant interaction between all three physical parameters. Individual responses to temperature and pCO2 were also observed as cellular density declined with elevated temperature and calcification along with respiration rates declined with increased pCO2. Symbiodinium trenchii remained the dominant symbiont population within the host across all treatment combinations. Our res
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