High-Temperature Liquid Metal Infusion Considering Surface Tension-Viscosity Dissipation
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TRODUCTION
THE dynamics of liquid metal wetting across surfaces or into porous media encompasses a wide-ranging purview into material processing (e.g., brazing and reactive infiltration), as reviewed by Delanny et al.,[1] Eustathopoulos,[2] and Saiz and Tomsia.[3] Liquid-metal reactive infiltration offers a methodology for near-net processing of metal or ceramic composites by penetrating liquid metal into a ceramic preform (e.g., Al into mullite[4] or Zr into B4C[5]). Although originally elemental liquids of Hf, Ti, and Zr were infused into B4C, as reported by Johnson et al.[5] for liquid Zr, more recently Maheswaraiah et al.[6] studied the infusion of a liquid Zr-Si alloy with B4C to form ZrC and ZrB2 precipitates embedded within a Zr-Si matrix. To optimize the processing, a better understanding of the infusion of liquid metal into a ceramic preform is needed to predict and ultimately to design metal-matrix composites or ceramic-matrix composites. The dynamics of wetting for liquid metals on surfaces differ from organic liquids because the interfacial energies of the former are greater than the latter, as noted by Saiz and Tomsia.[7] A consequence of the VINOD KUMAR, Associate Professor, ARTURO BRONSON, Professor, and SANJAY SHANTHA-KUMAR, Research Associate, are with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX. Contact e-mail: [email protected] CHRISTOPHER K. HARRIS, Visiting Professor, is with the Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., and also Principal Research Geomechanics Specialist with the Storage and Containment Department, Shell Global Solutions International, Kessler Park 1, 2288 GS Rijswijk, ZH, The Netherlands. ARTURO MEDINA, Mechanical Engineer, is with the Federal Aviation Administration, Ft. Worth, TX. Manuscript submitted August 18, 2015. Article published online December 7, 2015. 108—VOLUME 47B, FEBRUARY 2016
interfacial energies is the significant spreading rates of liquid metals on metals and nonmetals. For example, Saiz et al.[8] determined that the spreading rates of Sn-Ag solders at 723 K (996 C) after contacting Fe-42 Ni alloy surfaces reached 0.5 m/s measured in 20 ms with a pO2 < 1019 kPa. Also, Grigorenko et al.[9] reported spreading velocities of 0.5 to 1 m/s for Ni and NiPd melts on a-SiC, as well as NiPdTi and CuSnTi melts on vitreous carbon, at 1473 K to 1773 K (1200 C to 1500 C) in a vacuum. The dynamics of wetting of liquid metals may incorporate the effects of surface tension, adsorption of active species, and interfacial reaction, although the mechanistic explanations have evolved from the use of a force balance in the Young equation as explained by Lupis[10] to applying the molecular-kinetic theory such as Benhassine[11] for Cu-Ag melts on Ni surfaces and Swiler and Loehman[12] for reactive surfaces of the Al-O system. A stochastic mathematical framework was investigated by Delgado and Kumar[13] to investigate the effects of heterogeneity in the pore structure. Delg
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