High-Throughput ICP-MS and Chemometrics for Exploring the Major and Trace Element Profile of the Mediterranean Sepia Ink
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High-Throughput ICP-MS and Chemometrics for Exploring the Major and Trace Element Profile of the Mediterranean Sepia Ink Giuseppe Daniel Bua 1 & Ambrogina Albergamo 1 & Giovanni Annuario 1 & Vincenzo Zammuto 2 & Rosaria Costa 3 & Giacomo Dugo 1,3
Received: 5 August 2016 / Accepted: 28 September 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Microwave-assisted sample digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were considered for exploring major and trace elements in the Mediterranean Sepia ink. The present work aims to (a) fully validate the employed ICP-MS method and compare the Hg determinations by ICP-MS with those obtained by a direct mercury analyzer (DMA) and (b) interpret quantitative data by chemometrics and perform a risk/benefit analysis for assessing the quality/safety of Sepia ink. DMA gave Hg determinations similar to the ICP-MS counterpart (p > 0.05), confirming its reliability for food analysis. Sepia ink demonstrated to be both a reservoir of Bhealthy^ elements and a sink of potential toxic metals. In fact, a good contribution of major and essential trace metals to the established RDAs was revealed, and, at the same time, potentially toxic elements showed to accumulate depending upon the environmental conditions, although not representing a risk for human consumers.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12161-016-0680-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rosaria Costa [email protected]
1
Science4Life S.r.l., a Spin-off of the University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
2
Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
3
Department of Biomedical, Dental, and of Morphological and Functional Images Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
Keywords Mediterranean cuttlefish ink . ICP-MS . DMA . Chemometrics . Major and trace metals
Introduction Cephalopods have always been part of the human diet since they contain very few non-edible portions and constitute a valid alternative to the overexploited fish and lean meat sources, due to a typical high protein/fat ratio, which makes them highly valuable (Zlatanos et al. 2006). Squid constitutes the major share of the total marketed cephalopods, followed by cuttlefish and octopus. They are generally processed by gutting and trimming to obtain edible parts (e.g., mantle, arms, and tentacles) accounting for 70–80 % of the total weight and derived by-products, such as ink bag (6–10 %), liver (2–6 %), and other organs (12–15 %) (Chandrasekaran 2012). In particular, ink sac is well recognized as the reservoir organ of a black ink, which, once ejected, defends the organism from predator attacks (Derby 2014). However, cephalopod ink has also accomplished several practical and commercial purposes over millennia. It has been employed not only in art and medical
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