High Throughput Screening of Marine Coatings using a Bacterial Assay
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High Throughput Screening of Marine Coatings using a Bacterial Assay Shane J. Stafslien,1 Bret J. Chisholm,1 David A. Christianson,1 Justin Daniels,1 and Geoffrey Swain2 1
North Dakota State University Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering 1805 Research Park Drive Fargo, ND 58102 2
Florida Institute of Technology Department of Oceanography & Ocean Engineering 150 West University Boulevard Melbourne, FL 32901
Abstract A combinatorial workflow for developing organic surface coatings has been developed. The workflow is uniquely designed to prepare and evaluate marine coatings that prevent biofouling on the hulls of ships. A critical component of the workflow is the high throughput screening of settlement and ease of removal of marine organisms from coating surfaces. Methods have been developed to directly and indirectly quantify marine bacterial biofilm growth and retention. Correlations have been developed between these high throughput bioassays and results from ocean testing. Introduction Combinatorial chemistry has proven to be a valuable tool for the development of new molecules and materials.1 Due to the initial success of the combinatorial approach within the pharmaceutical industry, it was quickly applied to the development of new materials such as catalysts, phosphors, and scintillators.2 In the past few years, considerable effort has been made to apply the combinatorial methodology to the development of polymeric surface coatings.3-15 The combinatorial process described in this document was designed to develop new, environmentally-friendly marine coatings to deter and/or provide easy release of fouling organisms for the hulls of ships.16-18 Marine fouling of naval ships results in increased frictional drag, loss of maneuverability, frequent dry-docking, and introduction of invasive species.19-22 Historically, the most effective marine coatings employed toxic metal compounds such as tributyltin (TBT) or copper to combat fouling.23 Although effective in minimizing fouling, the release and accumulation of such compounds in ocean waters is adverse or harmful to the environment.24-27 As a result, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently instituted a ban on the use of TBT containing marine paints facilitating the need for the development of new environmentallyfriendly marine coatings.
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The compositional make-up of biofouling communities usually consists of numerous species and is influenced by several factors including salinity, temperature, pH, and other important variables.23 Several relevant fouling species have been utilized in laboratory assays to assess the performance of antifouling materials or compounds, including barnacles, tubeworms, mussels, oysters, algae, diatoms, and bacteria.28-33 The authors chose to develop high throughput screening assays based on marine bacteria, diatoms, tubeworms, and barnacles for evaluating experimental antifouling/foul release (AF-FR) characteristics using the combinatorial methodology. This document provides a des
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