Highly Anisotropic Steel Processed by Selective Laser Melting
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ntly, techniques allowing for additive manufacturing of highly complex components have been gaining significant attention in both industry and academic research.[1–3] As no tools are required for processing, small to medium batches can be produced very efficiently. Polymers and metals can be processed depending on the technique employed; for processing of metals, wire-based techniques are available, but techniques employing a powder bed have the higher impact. Electron beam melting and selective laser melting (SLMÒ), both melting the powder locally accordingly to data provided by a model stemming from computer-aided design, are widely used nowadays.[1–3] From the academic point of view, the high degree of design freedom allowing for an extreme lightweight design and the aspect of microstructural design are very attractive.[4,5] The latter aspect is mainly influenced by process-related parameters such as scanning strategy and energy input. As has been shown by Thijs et al. for an aluminum alloy processed by selective
THOMAS NIENDORF, Research Assistant, is with the Lehrstuhl fu¨r Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), University of Paderborn, 33095 Paderborn, Germany. Contact e-mail: [email protected] STEFAN LEUDERS, Research Assistant, and THOMAS TRO¨STER, Professor, are with the Lehrstuhl fu¨r Leichtbau im Automobil (Automotive Lightweight Construction), University of Paderborn, 33095 Paderborn, Germany, ANDRE RIEMER, Research Assistant, and HANS ALBERT RICHARD, Professor, are with the Fachgruppe Angewandte Mechanik (Applied Mechanics), University of Paderborn, DIETER SCHWARZE, Process Development Manager, is with the SLM Solutions GmbH, Roggenhorster Straße 9c, 23556 Lu¨beck, Germany. Manuscript submitted April 18, 2013. Article published online May 29, 2013. 794—VOLUME 44B, AUGUST 2013
laser melting in a very recent paper, the thermal gradient during cooling and the direction of heat flow are key parameters for microstructure evolution and design, respectively.[4] Numerous metals and alloys have been processed by SLMÒ; aluminum and titanium alloys, nickel-based alloys, and stainless steels have been the subjects of recent work.[1–8] Focusing on materials such as nickel-based alloys and austenitic steels, high-temperature applications are of interest. For such applications, a coarse-grained anisotropic microstructure is highly attractive.[9] The current paper addresses this topic and introduces a highly anisotropic austenitic alloy 316L directly obtained from powder processed by SLMÒ. The conditions for obtaining such kind of microstructure are discussed in light of the processing parameters. The material employed in the current study was facecentered cubic (fcc) 316L stainless steel. The initial powder with a mean particle size of 40 lm was supplied by SLM Solutions GmbH. For fabrication of cubical and tension specimens, a SLMÒ-280HL selective laser melting system in combination with MTT AutoFab software (Marcam Engineering GmbH) was used. The tensile specimens were built in the z-direction; thus, the loading axis was
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