Historic review: select chapters of a history of stroke
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(2020) 2:34
REVIEW
Neurological Research and Practice
Open Access
Historic review: select chapters of a history of stroke Axel Karenberg
Abstract Background: There is no shortage of books, chapters and papers on the history of stroke focusing predominantly on the last 150 years and enumerating endless “milestones”. Instead of adding another article to this body of knowledge, this essay aims at ensuring awareness for the “big picture”, the “grandes routes”, and the “striking breakes” without overloading the reader with too much detail. Results: From a medical point of view, the history of stroke consists of two periods: the early era from the beginnings to 1812, and the following period from 1812 up to the present. It is argued that both periods require different methodical approaches, including disparate historiographical perspectives and varying forms of interpretation. In order to fully understand medical writings of the Greco-Roman era (Hippocratic writings, Galenic corpus) on “apoplexy”, a solid knowledge of ancient doctrines concerning health and disease is indispensable. During the Middle Ages, the spiritual perspective can be highlighted by focusing on miracle healing and patron saints. While stroke basically remained a conundrum for many doctors and patients in early modern times (ca. 1500–1800; Platter, Wepfer), the revolutionary perception and definition of the disease as a result of a lesion in the 1810s (Rochoux, Rostan) opened the door to a productive relationship of the upcoming discipline “neurology” with the natural sciences during the nineteenth century and beyond (Virchow et al.). The mostly unwritten history of stroke in the twentieth century should not only include the medical, but also the patient’s and the societal perspective. Conclusion: A deeper insight into the recent and distant past will produce better educated strokologists – physicians who are able to put their own work into perspective. Keywords: Stroke/history, Cerebrovascular disorders/history, Intracranial hemorrhages/history, Paralysis/history, Neurology/history, Stroke/pathology, Historical article
Background “The true protagonists on the stage of medical history are the diseases”. Unfortunately, historical research often neglected this statement by French medical historian Charles Daremberg. We know a lot about famous physicians [1] and the social framing of medicine in the past [2], but comparatively little about the story of diseases themselves. Moreover, if and when they are studied by historians, the focus was and is usually put on epidemics and infectious diseases. 95% of the publications are on Correspondence: [email protected] Institute for the History of Medicine and Medical Ethics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 20, 50931 Köln, Germany
the history of plague, tuberculosis, syphilis and AIDS. In contrast, this essay argues that we can learn a lot about our medical past from non-epidemic, non-infectious illnesses. An excellent illustration of this approach
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