• PDF / 600,742 Bytes
• 22 Pages / 476.22 x 680.315 pts Page_size
• 45 Downloads / 205 Views

DOWNLOAD

REPORT

---

Historical Annotations

2.1

Encircling the Beginning: Where (I)CZM Started

Despite the fact that the use and to some extent the “management” of the coastal zone started long time ago it is not easy to set a starting point for the beginning of integrated coastal zone management. For example, in the late nineteenth century in Northern Germany civil engineers started to draw plans for the straightening and deepening of river channels – see Franzius (1888/1991). Many years before, men started to build dikes and to reclaim land from the sea and rivers to enhance the territory of emperors and simultaneously the fertile area to be used by peasants (Kramer and Rohde, 1992; van de Ven, 1993). In these times men admire the capability and ability of human kind to conquer nature. Principally, only the benefits of these new developments were seen and acknowledged. Although, in the late nineteenth century critical voices exist that pinpoint on controversial effects – see Blackbourn (2006). One can also find evidence for critical voices against the typical proceeding of protecting sandy islands in Northern Germany by the implementation of hard measurements, for example, Bartels (1881). Especially, the notion of technical dominion of natural processes was questioned. This aimed at trying to take further aspects into account. At any time the reason to get active was to adapt or develop the natural environment to the purpose of human kind. If negative effects did occur or were detected they were mainly answered by sectoral measurements (see Chap. 3).

2.1.1

San Francisco Bay (USA)

The earliest efforts in ICZM dated back to the 1960s in the USA and Australia (Sorensen, 1993). The San Francisco Bay suffered increasing siltation. This led to a reduction of the size of the bay by one-third and destroyed approximately 90 % of tidal marshes. In 1961 a c Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 2018  F. Ahlhorn, Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-17052-3_2

13

14

2

Historical Annotations

plan was generated to fill 60 % of the remaining Bay and create a narrow shipping channel until the year 2020. At that time three women started a campaign against these plans and in 1965 the Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) was established which was charged to prepare a plan for long-term use of the San Francisco Bay. A variety of factors led to the decline of the Bay area and the degradation of tidal marshes such as building upstream dams and diversions (Mount, 1995). Further impacts were results of hydraulic gold mining which showed negative effects on anadromous fish populations or of industrial and agricultural activities such as the disposal of trace elements or pesticides. The San Francisco Bay Plan was completed in 1968 and sent to the California Legislative and the Governor in 1969. After finalizing the studies and, there upon, the Bay Plan the BCDC was designated as responsible agency for maintaining and carrying out the provisions of the law and the Bay Plan. The f