History of Minimally Invasive Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery
Minimally invasive cardiothoracic surgery has developed into a sound technique over the past 20 years. It represents an evolution of the early thoracoscopic techniques which were applied in the past century by pulmonologists and internists, mostly aimed a
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History of Minimally Invasive Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery Corrado Lavini, Ciro Ruggiero, and Uliano Morandi
Contents
1.1
1.1 Introduction .....................................................
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1.2 Medical Thoracoscopy ....................................
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1.3 Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy ........................
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1.4 Robotic Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery ........
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1.5 Telesurgery.......................................................
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References .................................................................
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Minimally invasive thoracic and cardiac surgery has developed into a sound technique over the past 20 years. It represents an evolution of the early thoracoscopic techniques which were applied in the past century by pulmonologists and internists, mostly aimed at diagnosis and which greatly contributed to the development of an innovative and successful surgical approach.
1.2
C. Lavini, M.D. () • C. Ruggiero, M.D. U. Morandi, M.D. Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico of Modena, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41100 Modena, Italy e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Introduction
Medical Thoracoscopy
The thoracoscope can be considered as the ancestor of the cystoscope, a tool invented in 1807 by the Italian Philippe Bozzini for bladder examination, which employed as a light source the light deriving from a candle reflected in a mirror. Such a tool, called “Lichtleiter”, or light conductor, was tested for the first time in Vienna [1]. In 1853, Antoine Jean Desormeaux introduced the term “endoscopist” and created a tool which employed a light source deriving from a lamp burning a mixture of alcohol and turpentine, as well as a lens concentrating the light beam of the flame. The first thoracoscopy was performed in 1866 by Sir Francis Richard Cruise, who modified Desormeaux’s endoscope for the examination of the pleural cavity and introduced it through a fistula in the chest following a metapneumonic empyema [2, 3].
R.G.C. Inderbitzi et al. (eds.), Minimally Invasive Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-11861-6_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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Fig. 1.1 Hans Christian Jacobaeus (1879–1937) (From [4])
In 1886, the thoracoscope was markedly improved when equipped with Thomas Edison’s incandescent light bulbs. However, the technique became steadily performed only at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Its pioneer was the Swedish internist Hans Christian Jacobaeus, who employed a primitive thoracoscope to perform a lysis of pleural adhesions and an effective collapse therapy for cavitary tuberculosis (Fig. 1.1). In 1882, Forlanini was the first who evidenced how the lobar collapse resulting by pneumothorax or pleural effusion could lead to cavitary tuberculosis remission. He subsequently reproduced the collapse by pneumothorax induction generated injecting air or nitrogen into the pleural cavity [5]. Such technique
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