Hollow dummy template imprinted boronate-modified polymers for extraction of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine pr
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Hollow dummy template imprinted boronate-modified polymers for extraction of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine prior to quantitation by HPLC Xingyu Hou 1 & Wei Huang 1 & Yukui Tong 1 & Miaomiao Tian 1 Received: 1 April 2019 / Accepted: 7 September 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The authors describe boronate-modified hollow dummy template imprinted polymers (B-hDIPs) for selective and sensitive extraction of the catecholamines norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and dopamine (DA) from urine samples prior to their detection by HPLC with UV detector. The B-hDIPs were prepared by using (a) nano-TiO2 as the sacrificial support, (b) 3carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA) as the boronate-affinity functional monomer, and (c) catechol which acts as dummy template. The nano-TiO2 can be etched off by using hydrofluoric acid to form the hollow imprint. The main advantages of using such hollow polymers arise from their controllable hole structure which favors template removal and fast mass transfer. The B-hDIPs material was characterized by FT-IR, transmission electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectrum, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The effects of imprinting conditions, sample pH, sample flow rate, adsorbent amount, selectivity and competitive capacities were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the limits of detection for the catecholamines are in the range from 15 to 47 ng mL−1. The method was successfully applied to their determination of NE, E, and DA in spiked urine, with recoveries ranging from 63.4 to 106.2%. Keywords HPLC . Nano-TiO2 . Catechol . Catecholamines . Urine
Introduction Catecholamines (CAs) are neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Clinical measurement of CAs in biological samples is useful for clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma of Parkinson’s disease and in the investigation of stress systems [1, 2]. CAs also has a series of regulating functions, such as endocrine, cognition, memory, stress response, attention, sleep-wake cycle and motivation [3]. This fact has prompted the development of several Xingyu Hou and Wei Huang contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3801-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Miaomiao Tian [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, People’s Republic of China
methods for the determination of CAs in biological fluids such as urine, serum and plasma [4]. However, due to the trace level of CAs in biological samples and the complexity of the matrix, sample pretreatment is considered a critical step in the analysis. Adsorption is a common method has been used for the enrichment of CAs [5], but the development of novel adsorbents with exce
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