Household heating associated with disability in activities of daily living among Chinese middle-aged and elderly: a long
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine Open Access
Household heating associated with disability in activities of daily living among Chinese middle-aged and elderly: a longitudinal study Qing Wang1,2,3* and Jose A. Tapia Granados4
Abstract Background: The health hazards of indoor air pollution are well-established but studies of the health effects due to pollution from heating are rare. This study investigated the association of heating and disability for activities of daily living among Chinese middle-aged and elderly. Methods: We used two consecutive surveys in a cohort of over 17,000 adults aged 45 or older, who were interviewed first in 2011–2012 and then in 2013. In these surveys, taking advantage of random survey time, we applied a random effects logit regression model that included an interaction between pollution-producing heating fuel and a dummy variable, which measured interview time based on whether or not it was heating season. Results: Exposure to pollution-producing heating fuel was associated with a 39.9% (OR 1.399; 95%CI 1.227–1.594) and 71.0% (OR 1.710; 95%CI 1.523–1.920) increase in the likelihood of disability in activities of daily living (DADL) and disability in instrumental activities of daily living (DIADL), respectively. In heating season between year 2011 and 2013, moving from clean heating energy for heating to pollution-producing fuel was linked with an increase in the likelihoods having DADL and DIADL, with the OR of 2.014 (95%CI 1.126–3.600) and 1.956 (95%CI 1.186–3.226), respectively. However, disability increases due to change from clean energy to pollution-producing heating energy did not appear in advantaged education respondents. Conclusions: We found that exposure to heating by burning of coal, wood, or crop residue was associated with disability in performing daily living activities. Health policymakers should take indoor pollution due to heating into consideration as it is a major determinant of activities of daily living in elderly people; especially, such policy should focus on elderly people who have disadvantaged education. Keywords: Household heating, Indoor air pollution, Activities of daily living, Instrument activities of daily living, Chinese
* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China 2 Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250002, Shandong, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this
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