How do latent decoding and language predict latent reading comprehension: across two years in grades 5, 7, and 9?
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How do latent decoding and language predict latent reading comprehension: across two years in grades 5, 7, and 9? Barbara R. Foorman1 · Yi‑Chieh Wu1 · Jamie M. Quinn1 · Yaacov Petscher1
© Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This investigation examined the structural relations among latent variables of language, decoding, and reading comprehension, invariance of the patterns of predictions, and unique and common variance over two years in grade cohorts 5 to 6, 7 to 8, and 9 to 10. Participants were 321 students in grade 5 in six elementary schools, 299 students in grade 7 in three middle schools, and 137 students in grades 9 in one high school in Florida. The dimensionality of language measures (vocabulary and syntax) and decoding measures (real word and nonword fluency) was examined using confirmatory factor analysis and related to a reading comprehension factor consisting of state and national tests. Structural relations among language, decoding, and reading comprehension were stable across grade cohorts. The interaction of decoding and language in predicting reading comprehension was significant only in the grade 5 cohort, thereby confirming a multiplicative functional form only in that cohort. Multiple group invariance testing using structural equation modeling allowed results across grade cohorts to be compared, revealing the increasing importance of language over decoding to predicting reading comprehension in the middle and high school cohorts. By high school, language and reading comprehension were essentially one dimension. The contribution of shared variance in language comprehension and decoding in jointly predicting reading comprehension was large in all cohorts. Implications for the Simple View of Reading and for education are discussed. Keywords Decoding · Language comprehension · Latent variable modeling · Reading comprehension · Simple view of reading Barbara Foorman, Yi-Chieh Wu, Jamie M. Quinn, and Yaacov Petscher are at the Florida Center for Reading Research at Florida State University. * Yaacov Petscher [email protected] 1
Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University, 2010 Levy Ave., Ste. 100, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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The purpose of this article was to examine the relations among latent variables of decoding, language comprehension, and reading comprehension over a two-year period for cohorts of students in grades 5, 7, and 9 from a latent variable perspective. From the many studies of reading comprehension in the elementary grades, it is clear that the Simple View of Reading (Gough & Tunmer, 1986) largely supports the contributions of decoding and language comprehension to reading comprehension (Quinn & Wagner, 2018). According to the Simple View of Reading, decoding is the accurate and rapid word recognition that allows access to word meanings, language comprehension is the understanding of literal and inferred linguistic discourse in speech, and reading comprehension is the same as language comprehension except that th
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