How Transistor Area Shrank by 1 Million Fold
This book explains in layman’s terms how CMOS transistors work. The author explains step-by-step how CMOS transistors are built, along with an explanation of the purpose of each process step. He describes for readers the key inventions and developments in
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How Transistor Area Shrank by 1 Million Fold
How Transistor Area Shrank by 1 Million Fold
Howard Tigelaar
How Transistor Area Shrank by 1 Million Fold
Howard Tigelaar Tigelaar Consulting, LLC Allen, TX, USA
ISBN 978-3-030-40020-0 ISBN 978-3-030-40021-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40021-7 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
I worked in semiconductor research, development, and manufacturing for over 30 years. I saw the number of transistors on a computer chip go from about two thousand per chip to several billion (see Table 1). I know how it is done—I helped do it. It still seems like magic to me. My common sense tells me no way should the integrated circuits in my cell phone and laptop, as complex as they are, continue to work flawlessly year after year. No way should over a billion (1,000,000,000) electrical switches (transistors) fit on an IC about the size of my thumbnail and all work perfectly. No way should three wires (electrical signal in, electrical signal out, flip the switch), 1000 times smaller than a strand of my hair, be able to operate these switches and convey synchronized signals flawlessly between these switches. No way should these switches be able to turn on and off over 3 billion times a second, 24 h a day, 7 days a week, for years and years and still keep going. In fact, every day, millions of these integrated circuits are manufactured, packaged, and used to manufacture a host of other goods. Each day, millions of us make phone calls, video calls, listen to music, surf the internet, and drop our phones but they keep working. Day after day these miniscule electronic switches run our cell p
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