Human Motivation
This book represents a major revision of my earlier work, Theories of Motivation: From Mechanism to Cognition. A number of shortcomings in the p,revious book became increasingly evident to me. First of all, there were serious omissions. Second, there has
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Bernard Weiner
HUMAN MOTIVATION With 111 Figures
Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg Tokyo
Bernard Weiner , Department of Psychology University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90024 U.S.A.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Weiner, Bernard. Human motivation. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. l. Motivation (Psychology) I. Title. 84-26797 BF503.W45 1985 153.8 Originally published by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, © 1980 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. © 1985 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, U.S.A. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
9 8 7 654 3 2 1 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9560-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5092-0
e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-5092-0
To my father and in memory of my mother
PREFACE
This book represents a major revision of my earlier work, Theories of Motivation: From Mechanism to Cognition. A number of shortcomings in the p,revious book became increasingly evident to me. First of all, there were serious omissions. Second, there has been much new knowledge since the inception of the prior book, so that it was becoming outdated. And finally, I was dissatisfied with some of the writing, feeling that parts of the book were needlessly complex and that certain topics did not deserve the space that they were allotted. A revision, therefore, was initiated. I attempted to fill some of the gaps by including chapters on psychoanalytic, social learning, and humanistic theory. Furthermore, other topics that could have been discussed within the outline of Theories of Motivation but were neglected are incorporated into the present volume. These topics include, for example, social facilitation, arousal, emotions, personal responsibility, and the irrationality of attributions. In addition to this new material, I updated the ideas examined in Theories of Motivation. Little could be altered in- the sections on H ullian and Lewinian theory, for these conceptions are no longer undergoing modification. The discussion of these theories was merely shortened and simplified, bringing them more in line with their current influence in psychology. But achievement and attribution theories have changed in the past years - or at least our understanding in these areas has changed - and discussion of these topics was greatly altered. To document the extent of the alterations that were made, I compared references in this book with those in Theories of Motivation. Theories of Motivation has about 400 references, while Human Motivation has more than 600 references. Of these 600, fewer than 33 per cent were included in
