Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds

Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds is a benchmark compendium of research that presents itself at a major paradigm shift in paleoanthropology. The editors offer a variety of theoretical approaches to puzzles on the place of the Hominidae, particul

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DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS Series Editor: Russell H. Tuttle University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois This peer-reviewed book series will meld the facts of organic diversity with the continuity of the evolutionary process. The volumes in this series will exemplify the diversity of theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches currently employed by primatologists and physical anthropologists. Specific coverage includes: primate behavior in natural habitats and captive settings; primate ecology and conservation; functional morphology and developmental biology of primates; primate systematics; genetic and phenotypic differences among living primates; and paleoprimatology. ALL APES GREAT AND SMALL VOLUME 1: AFRICAN APES Edited by Birute M. F. Galdikas, Nancy Erickson Briggs, Lori K. Sheeran, Gary L. Shapiro and Jane Goodall THE GUENONS: DIVERSITY AND ADAPTATION IN AFRICAN MONKEYS Edited by Mary E. Glenn and Marina Cords ANIMAL BODIES, HUMAN MINDS: APE, DOLPHIN, AND PARROT LANGUAGE SKILLS William A. Hillix and Duane M. Rumbaugh COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE COGNITION: ARE PRIMATES SUPERIOR TO NON-PRIMATES Lesley J. Rogers and Gisela Kaplan ANTHROPOID ORIGINS: NEW VISIONS Callum F. Ross and Richard F. Kay MODERN MORPHOMETRICS IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Edited by Dennis E. Slice NURSERY REARING OF NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN THE 21ST CENTURY Edited by Gene P. Sackett, Gerald Ruppenthal and Kate Elias BEHAVIORAL FLEXIBILITY IN PRIMATES: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES Clara B. Jones NEW PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDY OF MESOAMERICAN PRIMATES DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND CONSERVATION Edited by Alejandro Estrada, Paul A. Garber, Mary Pavetra, and Leandra Luecke HUMAN ORIGINS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS Edited by Hidemi Ishida, Russell Tuttle, Martin Pickford, Naomichi Ogihara and Masato Nakatsukasa

HUMAN ORIGINS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS

Edited by

Hidemi Ishida University of Shiga Prefecture Shiga, Japan

Russell Tuttle University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA

Martin Pickford Coll`ege de France Paris, France

Naomichi Ogihara Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan

Masato Nakatsukasa Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

1.

Proceedings of the 2003 symposium,“Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds,” held in Kyoto, Japan, March 20–22, 2003. ISBN-10: 0-387-29638-7 ISBN-13: 978-0387-29638-8

eISBN: 0-387-29798-7 Printed on acid-free paper.

C 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for the exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

(IBT)

PREFACE

Recent advances in fossil studies relating to the origin of H