Human Transit How Clearer Thinking About Public Transit Can Enrich O
Public transit is a powerful tool for addressing a huge range of urban problems, including traffic congestion, economic development, and climate change. While many people support transit in the abstract, it is often difficult to channel that support into
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J A R R E T T WA L K E R
H UMAN T RANSIT How Clearer Thinking About Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives
Illustrations by Eric Orozco Erin Walsh Alfred Twu Daniel Howard David Jones
Washington | Covelo | London
© 2012 Jarrett Walker All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, Suite 300, 1718 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009 ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of the Center for Resource Economics.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walker, Jarrett, 1962– Human transit : how clearer thinking about public transit can enrich our communities and our lives / Jarrett Walker ; Illustrations by Eric Orozco ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-971-1 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59726-971-9 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-972-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59726-972-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Local transit. 2. City planning. 3. Community development. I. Title. HE4211.W27 2011 388.4—dc23 2011026554
Printed on recycled, acid-free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
K E Y W O R D S : bus, Complete Streets, density, express service, light rail, local service, mapping, mobility, network branding, operating costs, peak commute period, peak-only service, rail, rapid service, subway, transit fare, transit planning, transit policy, transit station, transit stop, urban form
C ONTENTS
Acknowledgments |
INTRODUCTION
ix
1
|
1
W H AT T R A N S I T I S
2
W H AT M A K E S T R A N S I T U S E F U L ? S E V E N D E M A N D S AND
DOES
AND
13
|
H O W T R A N S I T S E RV E S T H E M
23
3
F I V E P AT H S
4
LINES, LOOPS,
AND
5
TOUCHING
CITY: STOPS
6
PEAK
7
FREQUENCY IS FREEDOM
8
T H E O B S TA C L E C O U R S E : S P E E D , D E L AY, AND
OR
TO
THE
CONFUSION
|
A L L D AY ?
RELIABILITY
|
|
LONGING
|
97
39 |
AND
47 S TAT I O N S
73 |
85
|
59
viii | CONTENTS
9 DENSITY DISTRACTIONS 10 R I D E R S H I P OF
OR
S E RV I C E A L L O C AT I O N
12 C O N N E C T I O N S
OR
OF
15 O N
16 TA K E
|
NETWORKS
TO
147 TO
PLACES
|
W AY ! T R A N S I T I M P L I C AT I O N S
B O U L E VA R D
THE
117
135
|
L O C AT I O N C H O I C E THE
|
COMPLEXITY?
13 F R O M C O N N E C T I O N S ON THE
109
COVERAGE? THE CHALLENGE
11 C A N F A R E S B E F A I R ?
14 B E
|
LONG VIEW
|
181
205
| |
215
E P I L O G U E : G E O M E T R Y, C H O I C E S , F R E E D O M
Notes |
229
Index |
237
|
223
163
A CKNOWLEDGMENTS
When it comes to cities, conversation and collaboration are the essence of creativity. This book arises out of twenty years of practice as a consultant plus fifteen years as an advocate, so it reflects conversations with many hundreds of engaged and dedicated people. It would be impossible to list everyone whose insights and perspectives influenced this book. Still,
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