Humanitarian Demining Techniques
This chapter provides insight in general scale of mine threats worldwide together with efforts of the counter-mine community for their removal. It covers state-of-the-art available demining technology, from the aspect of demining safety and effectiveness
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Humanitarian Demining Techniques
1.1 Landmines Threats An estimated 100 million landmines are embedded across our planet [1]. Landmine monitor has identified at least 84 countries and eight areas contaminated with landmine and unexploded ordnance (UXO) in 2005. Of the affected countries, 54 are States Parties to Mine Ban Treaty. Majority of these landmines are small anti-personnel mines. Landmines kill and wound over 20,000 people each year [2]. The 12 most heavily mine-affected countries in the world, according to a UN study, are: Afghanistan, Angola, BosniaHerzegovina, Cambodia, Croatia, Eritrea, Iraq (Kurdistan), Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, Nicaragua and Sudan. These countries together account for almost 50 % of the landmines currently deployed in the world and also suffer the highest number of landmines causalities. As estimated 45–50 million landmines infest at least 10 million sq. km of land around the world. In many mine-affected countries, however there is still a lack of knowledge as to the extent of the problem and detailed information as to the exact location of the mines. The total number of landmine survivors continues to grow as new casualties are recorded in every region of the world. Nationals from more countries are also killed or injured by landmines while outside their countries—as peacekeepers, tourists, or humanitarian and development workers.
1.1.1 Countries Affected to Various Degrees by Mines and Unexploded Ordnance Europe/Central Asia Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Serbia D. Mikulic, Design of Demining Machines, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4504-2_1, Springer-Verlag London 2013
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Humanitarian Demining Techniques
Africa Angola, Burundi, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe America Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru Asia/Pacific Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Middle East/North Africa Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen «Hidden Killers» Statistics • Effectiveness of demining is a constant problem, almost irresolvable comparing to number of mines set. According to some estimation, demining lasts hundred times longer than setting mines. • Anti-personnel mines (AP) are usually hidden and ambushed with light activation stress (&10 daN) or by wire. Man with its weight cannot activate anti-tank mines (AT) (&300 daN), but AP and AT mines can be placed together which presents more danger. • 100 million
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