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Fernanda Antunes Carvalho

Molecular Phylogeny, Biogeography and an e-Monograph of the Papaya Family (Caricaceae) as an Example of Taxonomy in the Electronic Age With a foreword by Prof. Dr. Susanne S. Renner

Fernanda Antunes Carvalho Munich, Germany Dissertation Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany, 2014

ISBN 978-3-658-10266-1 ISBN 978-3-658-10267-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-10267-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941425 Springer Spektrum © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci¿cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro¿lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci¿c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Spektrum is a brand of Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Para Bia, Quincas e Tânia

Foreword by the Supervisor In the flowering plants, there are currently 3–4 synonyms for every accepted name (http://www.theplantlist.org). This fact is not a harmless nuisance. Synonymous names cause at least two kinds of errors: they result in wrong assumptions about species’ geographic ranges, and they make it difficult to find information about species because users cannot know which name refers to what. The judgment about what is a good biological species and which names are synonyms is made during monographic research. Such research consists in evaluating the information pertaining to all names published for the species, subspecies, or other forms in a genus or family, along with studying all specimens to which these names have been applied (rightly or wrongly). The very best monographs also include geographic distribution maps and DNA sequences from specimens representing the group’s species. Based on these data, a monographer reaches a conclusion about which names refer to true biological species. He or she then constructs a key to identify the accepted species and prepares authoritative species descriptions and maps. Fernanda Antunes Carvalho carried out monographic research on the papaya family, Caricaceae, between

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