I will sleep when I am dead? Sleep and self-employment
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I will sleep when I am dead? Sleep and self-employment Marcus T. Wolfe
&
Pankaj C. Patel
Accepted: 18 March 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Anecdotal evidence suggests that entrepreneurs report fewer hours of sleep. However, in samples of 12,086 individuals in the 2012 and 2014 cross-sections of The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and 47,851 individuals in the 2013–2016 National Health Interview Sample cross-sections, our results indicate that selfemployed individuals report more sleep. The results in these two samples further show that psychological distress mediates the relationship between selfemployment and lower self-reported sleep time and poorer sleep quality. In the third sample of 7714 individuals in waves 1 and 4 of the UK Household Longitudinal Survey, self-employed individuals reporting increase in sleep from wave 1 to wave 4 also reported a very small increase in monthly gross income, indicating limited, if any, gains to income from increasing sleep hours.
Marcus T. Wolfe and Pankaj C. Patel contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00166-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. M. T. Wolfe (*) Price College of Business, University of Oklahoma, 307 W. Brooks - Rm. 206, Norman, OK 73019-0450, USA e-mail: [email protected] P. C. Patel Villanova School of Business, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Psychological distress . Self-employment . Sleep
JEL Classification I12 . I32 . L26
BIt’s better to accept the fact that you need a good night’s sleep to be the best at what you do than forcing yourself to be something that you’re not.^ – serial entrepreneur Bryan Clayton BSleep is not an option.^ – Elon Musk1 While sleep has been identified as a key component to the work/health relationship (Åkerstedt et al. 2002a; Barnes et al. 2012), there remains a relative paucity of research into how self-employment is associated with sleep levels. A significant body of practitioner literature and anecdotal evidence shows that entrepreneurs generally prefer to get less sleep (Nathani 2018; Schools 2017; Vanderkam 2012). While less sleep allows for more working hours to meet the demands of self-employment, it could also lower focus and mental functioning. As such, there is limited empirical evidence on: whether selfemployed individuals indeed get less sleep, under what conditions they get less sleep, and whether more sleep is associated with income for selfemployed individuals? 1
Source: https://nypost.com/2018/08/19/elon-musk-sleep-is-not-an-option/
M. T. Wolfe, P. C. Patel
Beyond the broader practitioner interest in the above research questions, exploring this relationship is of substantial interest for the entrepreneurship literature wherein the association between work and wellbeing is becoming a topic of increasing interest (Ande
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