Ice Ages and Interglacials Measurements, Interpretation and Models
Ice ages represent perhaps the most dramatic example of extreme climate change on the Earth. Understanding how and why ice ages occur is of great importance in our wider understanding of the global climate system and how it might change. If one examines G
- PDF / 10,604,799 Bytes
- 275 Pages / 482 x 686 pts Page_size
- 58 Downloads / 202 Views
Measurements, Interpretation and Models
Donald Rapp
Ice Ages and Interglacials Measurements, Interpretation and Models
Published in association with
Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK
Professor Donald Rapp Independent Contractor South Pasadena California USA
SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason M.B.E., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
ISBN 978-3-540-89679-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: PCN pending Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2009 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: OPS Ltd, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed in Germany on acid-free paper
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xiii
List of ®gures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xv
List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xix
List of abbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxi
1
Life 1.1 1.2 1.3
. . . .
1 1 8 10
2
Variability of the Earth's climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Factors that in¯uence global climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Stable extremes of the Earth's climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Continental drift and continental geometry as a factor in paleoclimate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Eects of continental geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Evolution of glaciation near the south pole 34 million years ago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 The eect of the Isthmus of Panama on NH glaciation in the past 2,700,000 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Ice ages in the recent geological past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Geological evidence of ice ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 13 16
and climate in an ice age . . . . . . . . . . . Continental climates during the Ice Age. The glacial worldÐacco
Data Loading...
