Identification Guide of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Spain
As a result of the European Commission’s concern for the status of continental waters, and as a clear reflection of the notion of water as heritage to be conserved, in the year 2000 the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE) was enacted, its goal being to
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Javier Oscoz · David Galicia Rafael Miranda Editors
Identification Guide of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Spain
Editors Javier Oscoz Department of Zoology and Ecology School of Sciences University of Navarra Irunlarrea 1 Pamplona 31008 Spain [email protected]
David Galicia Department of Zoology and Ecology School of Sciences University of Navarra Irunlarrea 1 Pamplona 31008 Spain [email protected]
Rafael Miranda Department of Zoology and Ecology School of Sciences University of Navarra Irunlarrea 1 Pamplona 31008 Spain [email protected]
ISBN 978-94-007-1553-0 e-ISBN 978-94-007-1554-7 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1554-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011931287 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover design: SPi Publisher Services Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Freshwater ecosystems are of key importance, since water is a natural resource that exerts vast ecological influences over all the other ecosystems. Furthermore, fluvial systems are considered basic and fundamental indicators of the conservation status of the environment in general because the state of the water is the (integral) consequence of all that occurs within a given river basin. To put it in a different way, the disturbances and transformations that the environment suffers end up affecting the state of the freshwater ecosystems, as these are the final sewers of those disturbances. Therefore, the ecological status of the water ultimately portrays the status and quality of the entire adjacent ecosystem. The capital importance of freshwater ecosystems leads to the notion of water as heritage. As such, it needs to be protected and defended, promoting the sustainable use of water and improving water quality as much as possible. As a result of the European Commission’s concern on the status of continental waters, and as a clear reflection of the notion of water as heritage to be conserved, in the year 2000 the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE) was enacted. Its goal is to establish a framework to protect water and the different aquatic ecosystems by requiring the Member States to achieve good ecological status in all their waters by 2015. Like all ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems undergo physical, chemical and energy changes, both of natural and anthropogenic origin. These disturbances affect the organisms living in them and those who utilize their resources. Therefore, evaluating these changes has become a very important task to better understand aquatic systems. The study and analysis of the ecological
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