Identification of landscape multifunctionality along urban-rural gradient of coastal cities in South Korea
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Identification of landscape multifunctionality along urban-rural gradient of coastal cities in South Korea Ilkwon Kim 1 & Hyuksoo Kwon 1 & Sunghoon Kim 1 & Baysok Jun 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In order to reflect ecosystem services in environmental policies, it is necessary to assess multiple ecosystem services as well as the correlations among them in complex urban landscapes. Although landscape multifunctionality based on different land use statuses and intensity cause variations in the ecosystem services of complex urban landscapes, research that connect the urban landscape multifunctionality in terms of ecosystem services and urbanization processes is limited. In this study, we assessed ecosystem services and their correlations using correlation and principal component analysis. Then, we identified the urban landscape multifunctionality using ecosystem service bundles with diversity and capacity indices in two coastal cities of South Korea. Subsequently, five landscapes were categorized according to ecosystem services, which reflected landscape multifunctionality in accordance with urbanization levels. The provision of ecosystem services is affected by levels of urbanization from coast areas toward forest areas with increase in diversity and capacity indices. This study contributes to realistically examining the dimensions of regional ecosystem services within complex landscapes with land use changes. The results will support effective management plans and could be applied to other landscapes at various spatial scales. Keywords Ecosystem service bundle . Urbanization . Spatial pattern . Correlation . Urban landscape
Introduction According to a report by the United Nations (2015), 54% of the world population resides in urban areas, and it has been predicted that by 2050, two-thirds of the population will reside in urban areas by the year. Although expansion of urban areas may indicate a disengagement from nature, such areas still rely on various ecosystem services from non-urban ecosystems (Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013). The contribution and importance of urban ecosystem services towards the wellbeing of urban dwellers, urban sustainability, and
* Hyuksoo Kwon [email protected] Ilkwon Kim [email protected] Sunghoon Kim [email protected] Baysok Jun [email protected] 1
Team of ecosystem service, National Institute of Ecology, 1210, Geumgang-ro, Maseo-myeon, Seocheon-gun 33657, South Korea
resilience to environmental change is being increasingly demonstrated (Kremer et al. 2016). Sustainability and resilience in urban area is determined by management in ecosystem services provided by urban and peri-urban environments as a complex socio-ecological system (Alberti et al. 2003; McPhearson et al. 2014). Urban and peri-urban ecosystems are composed of a series of landscapes that mixed natural and cultural landscapes providing multiple ecosystem services (O’Farrell and Anderson 2010). A capacity of landscapes to provide to multiple ecosystem services is defined
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