Identification of the behavior of sandy soil to static liquefaction and microtomography
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Identification of the behavior of sandy soil to static liquefaction and microtomography Abdellah Krim & Zein el Abidine Zitouni & Ahmed Arab & Belkhatir Mostéfa
Received: 13 September 2011 / Accepted: 8 February 2012 / Published online: 28 February 2012 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2012
Abstract In this paper, undrained triaxial compression tests were performed on specimens obtained in Oued Rass sand (Chlef, Algeria). The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of specimen deposition methods, the initial density, and the confining pressure on the undrained behavior of this sand. The test results show that the initial confining pressure and the relative density affected, in a significant manner, the resistance to liquefaction. However, it increases with confining pressure and relative density. The results also show that the specimens prepared by dry deposition method have a greater resistance to liquefaction than those prepared by moist tamping. A nondestructive comparative analysis of the deposits by X-ray microtomography carried out at the granular scale made it possible to characterize more precisely the difference of the obtained structures for the two deposition modes. Keywords Triaxial . Sand . Undrained . Behavior . Liquefaction . Microtomography
A. Krim : Z. el Abidine Zitouni University Saad Dahlab of Blida, B.P.270, Route de Soumâa, Blida, Algeria A. Krim e-mail: [email protected] Z. el Abidine Zitouni e-mail: [email protected] A. Arab (*) : B. Mostéfa Laboratory of Materials Sciences and Environment, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Chlef, Algeria e-mail: [email protected]
List of symbols RD (%) Relative density D10 (mm) Effective diameter D50 (mm) Mean grain size e Void ratio ec Void ratio after consolidation emax Maximum void ratio emin Minimum void ratio Cu Coefficient of uniformity (Cu 0D60/D10) Cc Coefficient of curvature (Cc 0(D30)2/(D60 ×D10)) 3 ρs (g/cm ) Specific density of the solid grains ρdmax (g/cm3) Maximum density of the solid grains ρdmin (g/cm3) Minimum density of the solid grains q(kPa) Deviator stress (q0σ′1 −σ′3) p′(kPa) Effective mean stress (p′0(σ'1 +2σ′3)/3) σ′1 (kPa) Major principal effective stress σ′3 (kPa) Minor effective stress Δu (kPa) Excess pore pressure
Introduction Most of northern Algerian cities lie in earthquake-prone zones. Chlef (formerly known as El Asnam) and other important cities have been affected by damaging earthquakes in the last century. The last earthquake of magnitude of 7.3 (wave magnitude of 7.3) occurred on October 10, 1980 at 13:25:23.7 local time (12:25:23.7 GMT). The earthquake epicenter of the main shock was located 12 km in the east region of Chlef City (210 km west of Algiers) at latitude 36.143°N and longitude 1.413°E with a focal depth of about 10 km. The approximate duration of the quake was between 35 and 40 s. The event, commonly referred to as the Chlef Earthquake,
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was among the most disastrous earthquakes that have affected the northern region of Algeria. The earthquake devastated the
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