Identification of the interactions and feedbacks among watershed water-energy balance dynamics, hydro-meteorological fac
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Identification of the interactions and feedbacks among watershed water-energy balance dynamics, hydro-meteorological factors, and underlying surface characteristics Xiaoting Wei1 • Shengzhi Huang1 • Qiang Huang1 • Guoyong Leng2 • Hao Wang3 • Li He4 Jing Zhao1 • Dong Liu1
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Accepted: 6 October 2020 Ó Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract It is important to investigate watershed water-energy balance dynamics and their interactions and feedbacks with hydrometeorological factors and underlying surface characteristics, to enhance the understanding of the complex interrelationships among the water, energy, soil, and biosphere cycles. In this study, the single parameter Budyko equation was used. The Budyko equation represents the water-energy balance, and the parameter n represents all the characteristics in the system that affect the partition of precipitation (P) into runoff (R) and evapotranspiration (E). The dynamics of the n in watersheds were studied. The Granger causality was adopted to explore the interactions between n and various influencing factors including hydro-meteorological factors and underlying surface characteristics. Two basins located in the Loess Plateau were selected as a case study. The results indicated that (1) the n of the Jing River Basin (JRB) has a continuous increasing trend and that of the Beiluo River Basin has a continuous decreasing trend; (2) there are strong interplays between n and R, the aridity index (Ep/P), and evaporative ratio (E/P) in both watersheds; (3) soil moisture interacts with R and E/P, thereby unidirectionally influencing the n in both watersheds; and (4) the effective irrigation area interacts with n through its strong impacts on E/P and EP/P in the JRB.
& Shengzhi Huang [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
2
Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
4
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Simulation and Safety, School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
123
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
Graphic abstract
Keywords Water-energy balance Budyko equation Granger causality Feedbacks
1 Introduction Studying the watershed water-energy balance is very important for exploring the dynamics of hydrological systems, improving the estimation of interannual hydro-meteorological variables, and better managing and planning water resources, particularly against the background of global warming (Xiong and Guo 2012). As an effective tool for investigating the water-energy balance of watersheds, the Budyko hypothesis (Budyko 1974) has been widely studied (Li et al. 2
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