Identification Techniques I
Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy have a high potential for characterisation of material. Extensive series of wet chemical analysis may be substituted by a single spectroscopic measurement followed by detailed chemometric data evaluation. Topics of thi
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Identification Techniques I Ioannis A. Kozaris, Eleni Pavlidou, Reiner Salzer, D. Capitani, A. Spinella and E. Caponetti
I. A. Kozaris (&) Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece e-mail: [email protected] E. Pavlidou (&) Department of Physics, School of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece e-mail: [email protected] R. Salzer (&) Department of Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany e-mail: [email protected] D. Capitani (&) Magnetic Resonance Laboratory ‘‘Annalaura Segre’’, Institute of Chemical Methodologies (IMC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29, 300 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy A. Spinella E. Caponetti Centro Grandi Apparecchiature, Università di Palermo, Via Marini 14, 90128 Palermo, PA, Italy E. Caponetti Dipartimento di Chimica ‘‘S. Cannizzaro’’, Università di Palermo, Parco d’ Orleans II, Viale delle Scienze pad.17, 90128 Palermo, PA, Italy
E. A. Varella (ed.), Conservation Science for the Cultural Heritage, Lecture Notes in Chemistry 79, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30985-4_3, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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3.1 Imagine Techniques Ioannis A. Kozaris
3.1.1 Introduction Imaging is the representation or reproduction of an object’s form and imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve or duplicate images. Imaging spectroscopy is similar to colour photography, but each pixel acquires many bands of light intensity data from the spectrum, instead of just the three bands of the RGB color model. More precisely, it is the simultaneous acquisition of spatially co-registered images in many spectrally contiguous bands. We can define the imaging spectroscopy (also spectral imaging or chemical imaging) as the analytical capability to create a visual image of components distribution from simultaneous measurement of spectra and spatial, time information. Imaging instrumentation is composed of three components: • a radiation (energy) source to ‘‘illuminate’’ the sample, • a spectrally selective element, which interacts with the radiation (wave-matter interaction), • and usually a detector array to collect the images (interactions with the radiation) (Fig. 3.1).
3.1.2 Energy Sources Radiation is a form of energy. There are two basic types of radiation. One kind is particulate radiation, which involves tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass. Particles that can carry ‘radiation’ energy are: • Electrons, sometimes called beta minus particles, are small mass, negatively charged particles. • Positrons which are positively charged electrons. • Protons which are larger mass positively charged particles. • Neutrons have a similar mass to protons, but are uncharged. • Alpha particles are particularly stable groups of two protons and two neutrons. All types of atomic particles can carry energy. The second basic type of radiation is electromagnetic radiation. This kind of radiation is pure
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