Identifying novel biomarkers of the pediatric influenza infection by weighted co-expression network analysis
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Identifying novel biomarkers of the pediatric influenza infection by weighted co-expression network analysis Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi1,2†, Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani3,4†, Mahdieh Farzanehpour1 and Farida Behzadian5*
Abstract Background: Despite the high yearly prevalence of Influenza, the pathogenesis mechanism and involved genes have not been fully known. Finding the patterns and mapping the complex interactions between different genes help us to find the possible biomarkers and treatment targets. Methods: Herein, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to construct a co-expression network among genes identified by microarray analysis of the pediatric influenza-infected samples. Results: Three of the 38 modules were found as the most related modules to influenza infection. At a functional level, we found that the genes in these modules regulate the immune responses, protein targeting, and defense to virus. Moreover, the analysis of differentially expressed genes disclosed 719 DEGs between the normal and infected subjects. The comprehensive investigation of genes in the module involved in immune system and viral defense (yellow module) revealed that SP110, HERC5, SAMD9L, RTP4, C19orf66, HELZ2, EPSTI1, and PHF11 which were also identified as DEGs (except C19orf66) have the potential to be as the biomarkers and also drug targeting for the treatment of pediatric influenza. Conclusions: The WGCN analysis revealed co-expressed genes which were involved in the innate immune system and defense to virus. The differentially expressed genes in the identified modules can be considered for designing drug targets. Moreover, modules can help to find pathogenesis routes in the future. Keywords: Influenza, Co-expression network, Biomarker, Pathogenesis
Background Influenza virus is one of the most incident infectious agent, which is mainly classified into three types of A, B, and C. The prevalence amount of type A is more than other influenza types in the world. Also, the burden of seasonal influenza virus caused the infection of 3–5 million cases with severe illness symptoms [1]. Influenza viruses affect the human life more than other respiratory illnesses. The pathogenesis of Influenza has not been yet well understood since it depends on the immune system and viral determinants. Moreover, the previous infection or vaccination causes the cellular immunity which affected the efficacy of infection with various seasonal, * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi and Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani contributed equally to this work. 5 Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
zoonotic, and pandemic influenza viruses [2]. Therefore, different hosts can have distinct effects on the incidence level of the disease. Microarray is a high-throughput technique has the ability of simultaneous measuring of thousands of gene expressions and
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