Imitation in International Relations Observational Learning, Analogi
Imitation and emulation are mechanisms of competition in international relations that are theoretically posited but empirically diffuse. Goldsmith provides a trenchant overview of the extant literature and evidence, finding that specification and operatio
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Imitation in International Rel ations Observational Learning, Analogies, and Foreign Policy in Russia and Ukraine
Benjamin E. Goldsmith
IMITATION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
© Benjamin E. Goldsmith, 2005. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-6780-0 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-53024-3 ISBN 978-1-4039-8048-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403980489
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goldsmith, Benjamin E. Imitation in international relations : observational learning, analogies, and foreign policy in Russia and Ukraine / Benjamin E. Goldsmith. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Russia (Federation)—Foreign relations—1991– 2. Ukraine—Foreign relations—1991– 3. Russia (Federation)—Politics and government—1991– 4. Ukraine—Politics and Government—1991– 5. Imitation. 6. International relations. I. Title. DK510.764.G65 2004 327.47⬘009⬘049—dc22
2004049007
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: February 2005 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated with love to my son, Max
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Contents
List of Tables
xi
List of Figures
xiii
Preface Acknowledgments
xv xvii
1 Introduction Learning and Preferences Imitation Theoretical Goals of the Study The Example of Japan Ukraine and Russia as Case Studies What is a “Formative” Event? Quixotic Westernizer? Why Focus on Analogies? Policy Relevance Outline of the Book
1 2 3 4 5 7 11 11 12 13 14
2
Choice, Learning, and Foreign Policy Choice, Learning, and Foreign Policy Choice Learning Foreign Policy The Comparative Study of Foreign Policy Foreign Policy and International Relations Organizations and Decisions: The State as an Actor
17 18 18 21 23 24 28 30
3
A Theory of Imitation in Foreign Policy Propositions about Foreign Policy Learning Hypotheses to be Tested Research Design
35 38 39 40
viii
C o n t e n ts
Preferences for Absolute or Relative Gains across Issue Areas Control Variables 4 Are Elites Influenced by Foreign Analogies? The Data Do Elites Imitate?: Analogies and Policy Choice Testing the Seven Hypotheses The Power of Imitation Conclusions 5 State-Level Effects on Elite Imitation The Ukrainian Schema The Russian Schema Comparing Ukraine an
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