Immigrant Entrepreneurship: the Case of Turkish Entrepreneurs in the United States
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Immigrant Entrepreneurship: the Case of Turkish Entrepreneurs in the United States Himmet Karadal 1 & Belal Hamed Taher Shneikat 2 & A. Mohammad Abubakar 3 & Omar Khalid Bhatti 4 Received: 13 September 2019 / Accepted: 18 August 2020/ # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The ever-changing structural and relational facets of immigrant entrepreneurial activities have created missing dominos in the literature and policy development in the USA. This article explores entrepreneurial activities among immigrant entrepreneurs with Turkish roots in the US ceramic and marble industry. R package for qualitative data analysis (RQDA) was used to analyze interview data obtained through a snowball sampling technique. Results reveal that (1) Turkish entrepreneurs migrated to the USA for several reasons; (2) factors such as entrepreneurial capital, intellectual capital, social capital, family capital, and financial capital emerge as key motivators for entrepreneurial activities; and (3) characteristics (i.e., personal attributes, psychological traits, and capital) and challenges faced by Turkish immigrant entrepreneurs are unveiled. In sum, this paper provides an integrative insight on important resources for Turkish immigrant entrepreneurs. Keywords Turkish entrepreneurs . Entrepreneurial capital . Intellectual capital . Social
capital . Family capital . Financial capital . Psychological capital . The United States
* Himmet Karadal [email protected] Belal Hamed Taher Shneikat [email protected] A. Mohammad Abubakar [email protected] Omar Khalid Bhatti [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Journal of the Knowledge Economy
Introduction Cultural diversity is experienced in many developed countries around the world (Constantin et al. 2008). Immigrants in the USA accounts for 13% of total population (Vesely et al. 2015). Recent scholarly finding denotes a robust relationship between immigration and entrepreneurship (Vesely et al. 2015). Foreign-born individuals have more business ownerships than natives in the USA, UK, Australia, and Canada (Clark and Drinkwater 2010; Schuetze and Antecol 2006; Wang 2010). American cities offer favorable environment for immigrant entrepreneurship with diverse ethnicities (Fairlie and Lofstrom 2015). Nevertheless, immigrants are considered to have higher entrepreneurial spirit than native born (Fairlie and Lofstrom 2015; Krichevskiy et al. 2016). Currently, millions of Muslims live in different states in the USA. Among these immigrants, 77,679 were born in Turkey and immigrated to the USA after the WW2 and approximately 118,000 in 2006 (Şenyürekli 2006) and between 136,000 and 182,000 as of 2016 (Kamiloğlu 2016) individuals have Turkish roots and this number is expected to double in the coming years. Kaya (2003) added that the number can be greater if Turkish people immigrated to the USA from Cyprus, Middle East, and former Soviet countries. Turkish immigrants live in differe
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