Immigration
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Immigration Heidi Allison Bender . Patricia Ruiz-Navarro . Irina Feygina . Monika Echavarria-Son . Francisco X Gaytan . Luka Lucic
History of Immigration to the U.S. The ongoing debate about immigrant rights gained worldwide attention when pro-immigrant protest mobilizations took place across the United States (U.S.) in late March and April of 2006. Immigrant supporters, human rights activists, non-governmental organizations, and workers unions organized massive marches in response to the HR4437 initiative, which pronounces undocumented immigration a felony, and providing assistance to undocumented workers, a crime. Some media outlets referred to the rallies as ‘‘the biggest civil rights demonstration in the U.S. history.’’ In academic circles, the marches also sparked renewed mobilization and debate. However, for migration scholars, immigration issues, policies, and concerns have been at the forefront of discussions throughout the past century. Since the late nineteenth century, various immigrant groups have been viewed as undesirable and unwelcome by the U.S. government. As early as 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act barred Chinese immigrants from entering the country. Two decades later, foreignborn individuals of Italian, Jewish, and Polish descent were deemed ‘‘objectionable’’ by the U.S. Immigration Commission. Pervasive xenophobia and ethnocentrism following World War I promoted unflattering
misrepresentations of people’s race, religion, and ideologies throughout the 1920’s, 1930’s and 1940’s. Legislation reflecting these beliefs, the National Origins Act (1924), limited migration from Asia and Europe, and restricted the number of new immigrants accepted from a given country to 2% of that nationality’s population already residing in the U.S. Due to the economy’s sudden decline, mass deportations of Mexican Americans occurred following the Great Depression. However, as the U.S. economy rebounded post- World War II, immigrant labor was again welcomed. Under the Bracero Program (1942– 1964), 4,000,000 Mexican ‘‘seasonal’’ farm workers were granted visas. Throughout this 16-year period, migrant workers regularly suffered mistreatment and abuse from their employers and contractors. After 15 years of temporal work in the U.S., Mexican workers again experienced a massive government-sponsored deportation under the Immigration Act of 1965. The Act abolished national quotas in favor of hemispheric ones, paving the way for increased migration from Latin America and the Asian continent. As a result, the U.S. experienced a steep rise in its foreign-born inhabitants from 1970 to 1980, with the country’s immigrant population climbing from 9.6 million to 19.8 million. Amid the civil and labor rights movement of the 1960’s, amendments were made to this Act, designed to restrict legal immigration. Yet, despite a climate of increased control, illegal immigration steadily began to rise. In 1986, Congress enacted the Immigration Reform
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