Impaired memory for cooperative interaction partners in borderline personality disorder
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Impaired memory for cooperative interaction partners in borderline personality disorder Inga Niedtfeld1* and Meike Kroneisen2
Abstract Background: Interpersonal disturbances in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) have been attributed to a negativity bias in social cognition. Adding to this literature, we experimentally tested whether those with BPD show altered memory for cooperative versus non-cooperative interaction partners. Methods: In a source memory paradigm, 51 female BPD patients and 50 healthy controls (HC) played a trust game with 40 different female target characters (trustworthy vs untrustworthy). In a subsequent surprise memory test, participants had to recognize those target individuals (vs distractor pictures), and had to recall whether they had shown cooperative behavior during the trust game. We hypothesized that BPD patients have better memory for uncooperative interaction partners as compared to cooperative interaction partners, and that a-priori expectations of untrustworthiness would influence recall. Results: During the trust game, BPD individuals invested lower amounts of money than HC for trustworthy targets, but no differences were found for untrustworthy targets. During the memory test, BPD patients had significant difficulties to remember cooperative targets, as compared to HC. More specifically, those with BPD indicated more often than HC that they had not previously interacted with cooperative targets of the previous trust game. We did not detect any differences between BPD and HC in source memory, or with regard to the effects of trustworthiness expectations. Conclusions: The observed tendency to forget cooperative interaction partners in BPD is possibly caused by dysfunctional cognitive schemas. At the same time, it might also corroborate patients’ assumptions that others are untrustworthy, thereby fuelling interpersonal disturbances in BPD. Keywords: Borderline personality disorder, Social cognition, Source memory, Cooperation, Trust
Introduction Interpersonal Problems are considered one of the most stable symptoms in BPD [1, 2]. Relatedly, dysfunctional behavior or suicide attempts accumulate in the course of problematic interactions [3, 4]. Improvements in social functioning are comparatively weak in those with BPD * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
[5], and even remitted BPD patients are characterized by low social functioning [6]. Recent research on social interaction in BPD suggests that impairments in interpersonal relationships can be related to reduced trust [7], deficits in cooperation [8], and alterations in social cognition [9]. Importantly, biases in social cognition have been reported in many mental disorders other than BPD, including depression [10], eating disorders [11], and socia
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