Implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in radiology: hindering and facilitating factors
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INFORMATICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in radiology: hindering and facilitating factors Lea Strohm 1 & Charisma Hehakaya 2
&
Erik R. Ranschaert 3 & Wouter P. C. Boon 1 & Ellen H. M. Moors 1
Received: 30 December 2019 / Revised: 3 April 2020 / Accepted: 8 May 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Objective The objective was to identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in clinical radiology in The Netherlands. Materials and methods Using an embedded multiple case study, an exploratory, qualitative research design was followed. Data collection consisted of 24 semi-structured interviews from seven Dutch hospitals. The analysis of barriers and facilitators was guided by the recently published Non-adoption, Abandonment, Scale-up, Spread, and Sustainability (NASSS) framework for new medical technologies in healthcare organizations. Results Among the most important facilitating factors for implementation were the following: (i) pressure for cost containment in the Dutch healthcare system, (ii) high expectations of AI’s potential added value, (iii) presence of hospital-wide innovation strategies, and (iv) presence of a “local champion.” Among the most prominent hindering factors were the following: (i) inconsistent technical performance of AI applications, (ii) unstructured implementation processes, (iii) uncertain added value for clinical practice of AI applications, and (iv) large variance in acceptance and trust of direct (the radiologists) and indirect (the referring clinicians) adopters. Conclusion In order for AI applications to contribute to the improvement of the quality and efficiency of clinical radiology, implementation processes need to be carried out in a structured manner, thereby providing evidence on the clinical added value of AI applications. Key Points • Successful implementation of AI in radiology requires collaboration between radiologists and referring clinicians. • Implementation of AI in radiology is facilitated by the presence of a local champion. • Evidence on the clinical added value of AI in radiology is needed for successful implementation. Keywords Artificial intelligence . Computer systems . Diagnosis . Computer-assisted . Information systems . Radiology
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06946-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Charisma Hehakaya [email protected] 1
Innovation Studies, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
2
Division of Imaging & Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
3
Department of Radiology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, The Netherlands
Abbreviations AI Artificial intelligence CAD Computerized aided diagnosis CDSS Computerized decision support systems MDR Medical Device Regulation NASSS Non-adoption, Abandonment, Scale-up, Spread,
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