Implicit Prejudice
In this chapter, we provide an introduction to implicit forms of prejudice. We begin by defining prejudice and its related constructs, stereotypes, and discrimination. Next, we offer an overview of contemporary attitude models and their explanation for ho
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Bernd Wittenbrink, Joshua Correll, and Debbie S. Ma
Contents Introduction
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What Is Prejudice?
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How Does Prejudice Shape Judgment and Behavior? Spontaneous Activation Phase Deliberation Phase Response Phase
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Factors that Facilitate Implicit Prejudice Time Pressure Limited Cognitive Resources Ambiguity Lack of Motivation
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Implicit Prejudice in Practice
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First-Person-Shooter Task
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Practical Implications
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Important Caveats
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Recommended Reading
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Guiding Answers to Questions in the Chapter
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References
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B. Wittenbrink (*) University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. Correll University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA D. S. Ma California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
Introduction Soccer spectators taunt black players with monkey calls and bananas.1 Women on corporate boards are ridiculed by their male colleagues for allegedly being too chatty.2 And politicians in high office refer to immigrants as criminals and rapists.3 These examples of prejudice are contemporary, but the issue itself is a fundamental and all too common aspect of human interaction. As in these examples, prejudice can lead to deliberate acts of discrimination. People choose to derogate outgroups to elevate their ingroup’s status and their personal self-esteem (Hogg & Abrams, 1990; see Scheepers & Ellemers, Chap. 9); people intentionally denigrate an outgroup to preserve their ingroup power (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999) or in a calculated political move use an outgroup as a scapegoat for societal ills (Glick, 2002). However, beyond such deliberate acts, where prejudice serves as a means to a particular end, group attitudes and stereotypes may influence judgment and behavior without any intent to discriminate or treat members of one group https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/27363859 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/technology/ubersexual-harassment-huffington-bonderman.html 3 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/ wp/2015/06/16/full-text-donald-trump-announces-apresidential-bid 1
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© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 K. Sassenberg, M. L. W. Vliek (eds.), Social Psychology in Action, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13788-5_11
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different from those of another group. For example, white observers perceive black faces as angrier than white faces with the same expression (Hugenberg & Bodenhausen, 2003); and they more readily identify an ambiguous object as a gun when it is in the hands of a black rather than a white man (Correll, Wittenbrink, Crawford, & Sadler, 2015). They do so even when motivated to be accurate, at times not even knowing that the target person’s group membership influences the outcome. This kind of implicit bias is usually subtle. It pales in comparison to the deliberate bigotry we cited at the beginning of this paragraph. But implicit forms of prejudice can nevertheless have sig
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