Improving bluetooth beacon-based indoor location and fingerprinting
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Improving bluetooth beacon‑based indoor location and fingerprinting Pedro Martins1 · Maryam Abbasi2 · Filipe Sá1 · José Cecílio3 · Francisco Morgado1 · Filipe Caldeira1 Received: 24 July 2019 / Accepted: 30 October 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The complex way radio waves propagate indoors, leads to the derivation of location using fingerprinting techniques. In this cases, location is computed relying on WiFi signals strength mapping. Recent Bluetooth low energy (BLE) provides new opportunities to explore positioning. In this work is studied how BLE beacons radio signals can be used for indoor location scenarios, as well as their precision. Additionally, this paper also introduces a method for beacon-based positioning, based on signal strength measurements at key distances for each beacon. This method allows to use different beacon types, brands, and location conditions/constraints. Depending on each situation (i.e., hardware and location) it is possible to adapt the distance measuring curve to minimize errors and support higher distances, while at the same time keeping good precision. Moreover, this paper also presents a comparison with traditional positioning method, using formulas for distance estimation, and the position triangulation. The proposed study is performed inside the campus of Viseu Polytechnic Institute, and tested using a group of students, each with his smart-phone, as proof of concept. Experimental results show that BLE allows having < 1.5 m error approximately 90% of the times, and the experimental results using the proposed location detection method show that the proposed position technique has 13.2% better precision than triangulation, for distances up to 10 m. Keywords Beacon · Wireless · GPS · Indoor location · Block-chain · Crowd learning · Bluetooth · BLE · WiFi · Fingerprinting
1 Introduction An important issue related to mobile devices is the challenge of applications strictly based on indoor location detection. The main purpose of knowing such location is to offer * Pedro Martins [email protected] Maryam Abbasi [email protected] Filipe Sá [email protected] José Cecílio [email protected] Francisco Morgado [email protected] Filipe Caldeira [email protected] 1
Department of Computer, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
2
Department of Computer Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
3
Department of Computer Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
information (e.g., promotions, bathroom locations, elevators, garden location) and guide instruction (e.g., emergency evacuation, or help people with special needs). In all possible scenarios related to location pinpointing, an inaccurate location can lead to dangerous situations and serious consequences (e.g., inaccurate stairs detection for a blind person). Since a couple of years ago, a relentless market explosion of mobile devices, like smart-phones, attracted endless applications and services in business and infot
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