Improving the surface quality of friction stir welds using reinforcement learning and Bayesian optimization
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Improving the surface quality of friction stir welds using reinforcement learning and Bayesian optimization R. Hartl 1 & J. Hansjakob 1 & M. F. Zaeh 1 Received: 28 February 2020 / Accepted: 30 June 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Friction stir welding is an advanced joining technology that is particularly suitable for aluminum alloys. Various studies have shown a significant dependence of the welding quality on the welding speed and the rotational speed of the tool. Frequently, an inappropriate setting of these parameters can be detected through an examination of the resulting surface defects, such as increased flash formation or surface galling. In this work, two different learning-based algorithms were applied to improve the surface topography of friction stir welds. For this purpose, the surface topographies of 262 welds, which were performed as part of ten studies, were evaluated offline. The aim was to use reinforcement learning and Bayesian optimization approaches to determine the most appropriate settings for the welding speed and the rotational speed of the tool. The optimization problem was solved using reinforcement learning, specifically value iteration. However, the value iteration algorithm was not efficient, since all actions and states had to be iterated over, i.e., each possible parameter combination had to be evaluated, to find the best policy. Instead, it was better to solve the optimization problem directly using the Bayesian optimization. Two approaches were applied: both an approach in which the information from the other studies was not used and an approach in which the information from the other studies was used. On average, both the Bayesian optimization approaches found suitable welding parameters significantly faster than a random search algorithm, and the latter approach improved the result even further compared with the former approach. Future research will aim to show that optimization of the surface topography also leads to an increase in the ultimate tensile strength. Keywords Artificial intelligence . Friction stir welding . Reinforcement learning . Bayesian optimization . Surface quality
1 Introduction In friction stir welding (FSW), the mechanical properties [1] as well as the surface topography [2] are strongly affected by process parameters such as the welding speed vs and the tool rotational speed n (r/min rate). These parameters are typically determined by trial and error, based on handbook values, and by manufacturers’ recommendations [3]. This selection may neither yield optimal nor near-optimal welding performance. Furthermore, it may cause additional energy and material consumption and may also result in low-quality welds [3]. For this reason, several algorithms have already been developed to * R. Hartl [email protected] 1
Institute for Machine Tools and Industrial Management, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
optimize the process parameters in friction stir welding. Some of these are presented in the
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