In and Cd as defect traps in titanium dioxide
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In and Cd as defect traps in titanium dioxide Juliana Schell1,2 · Doru C. Lupascu2 · Jo˜ao Guilherme Martins Correia1,3 · Artur Wilson Carbonari4 · Manfred Deicher5 · Marcelo Baptista Barbosa6 · Ronaldo Domingues Mansano7 · Karl Johnston1 · Ibere S. Ribeiro Jr.4 · ISOLDE collaboration1
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
Abstract We present a study of TiO2 single crystals from the point of view of the dopant atom that simultaneously behaves as the probing element. We used gamma-gamma time dependent perturbed angular correlations working with selected tracer elements (111 In/111 Cd, 111m Cd/111 Cd) together to investigate the different behavior of Cd and In dopants, particularly their interaction with point defects in the TiO2 lattice. Results show that the hyperfine interactions observed at 111 Cd from 111 In or 111m Cd decay are quite different. 111 In/111 Cd results show a single site fraction characterized by a quadrupole frequency with asymmetry parameter similar to those observed for the same probe nuclei in bulk TiO2 oxides. Results for 111m Cd/111 Cd reveal two site fractions, one characterized by the same hyperfine parameters to those measured in bulk TiO2 and another fraction characterized by a quadrupole frequency and asymmetry parameters with higher values, as observed in thin This article is part of the Topical Collection on Proceedings of the International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions and their Applications (HYPERFINE 2016), Leuven, Belgium, 3-8 July 2016 Edited by Kristiaan Temst, Stefaan Cottenier, Lino M. C. Pereira and Andr´e Vantomme Juliana Schell
[email protected] 1
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
2
Institute for Materials Science and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
3
C2 TN, Centro de Ciˆencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T´ecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
4
Instituto de Pesquisas Energ´eticas e Nucleares, Universidade de S˜ao Paulo, S˜ao Paulo, Brazil
5
Experimentalphysik, Universit¨at des Saarlandes, Saarlandes, Germany
6
Instituto de F´ısica dos Materiais da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
7
Escola Polit´ecnica, Universidade de S˜ao Paulo, S˜ao Paulo, Brazil
2
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Hyperfine Interact (2017) 238:2
TiO2 films and correlated with point defects. The results are discussed emphasizing the differences for Cd and In as defect traps on TiO2 . Keywords In and Cd doping · Gamma-gamma PAC · Titanium dioxide
1 Introduction Pure or doped TiO2 have diversified applications such as photo-catalyst for water and air purification, energy converter in solar cells and sunscreen material for UV light protection, which are just a few uses that reveal its rich set of electronic and chemical properties making it further attractive to the electronics industry [1–3]. The particular case of Cd-doped TiO2 shows higher diffuse reflection under visible light with lower resistance and smaller band gap than un
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